implements. In the comparison of the different types of implement, evidence was adduced to shew that certain forms of these are distinctive of corresponding geological horizons. Of the three serie

mmalian fauna will prove to supply information unobtainable from either human skeletons or implements by themselves. That information will bear upon the climatic conditions of the different p

that the fauna can be described in one case as 'southern' in character, in another as 'temperate,' suggests some variation of climate. And the relation of the history of Man to the great variation of climate implied in the expression 'Glacial Period,' may be reasonably expected to receive some elucidation from this branch of study. It w

rmulated, the presence of animal remains both in cave and alluvial deposits was a matter of common knowledge. The late Professor Phillips is believed to have been the first to make definite use

cal evidence of those brick-earths was nevertheless held to indicate pre-glacial antiquity and thus to contradict the evidence of stratigraphy. The method employed in the latter mode of enquiry consisted in ascertaining the relation of the boulder-clay to certain deposits distinguished by their fauna, the Mollusca being especially employed in the identifications. Boulder-clay seems, in this country, to have been taken as the premier indication of the glacial p

on might have resulted in explaining the contradiction or paradox (curiously analogous to that propounded by Mr Hinton in 1910, cf. p. 102 supra) just mentioned as e

ata, does not appear to have been suggested. The Glacial period was long rega

rectly to an inference of successive periods of deposition-and when the earlier opinion (whereby the boulder-clay was regarded as a submarine deposit) was partly abandoned in favour of its origin as a 'ground-moraine,' the plurality of glaciations was still more strongly supported. The work of Julien (Auvergne, 1869) and Professor James Geikie (1873) carries the story on to the year 1878 which is marked by a very memorable contribution fro

from the boulder-clay need not exclude his presence in the inter-glacial deposits; and in fact the appearance of strongly-supported evidence that some implements of only Neolithic antiquity occur in inter-glacial surroundings, has been mentioned already (Chapter IV, Sturge, 1909). And thus, whether the series be one of grand oscillations constituting as ma

3]. Still later came the suggestions of Professors Mortillet, Hoernes[44] (1903), Penck, Obermaier[45] (1909) and Tornqvist. And the employment of implements in evidence was found

sists in the manner in which the several glacial periods are distributed over the geological time-table. Boule claims one glaciation of Pliocene antiquity, followed by two Pleistocene glaciations. The remaining authors agree in ascribing all the glaciations to the Pleistocene period. Herein they follow the lead of Professor Penck, whose diagram of

that a commencement should be made by considering the period designated Mousterian. If the position of the Mousterian peri

BL

of associate

1] 1908 1908 19

oernes Rutot Sol

tions (Penck) Magdalenian Solutréan[4] Magda

cia

oule. "Würmian" of Penck Mousteria

utr

? Hessle B

iss-Würm interval

) Chellean

) Mousteria

s of the "modern-valley" type. Valle

cia

n of Boule. "Rissian" of

e) - Lower

ulder-clay of Hoxne

ndel-Riss interval

Solutréan

vin

valley" type. ?Flood-gravels. Valle

cia

enck ? ? - - ? C

z-Mindel interval (P

Brandon beds

cia

? - - ? Cromer Till.

s four glaciations,

emingly Nos. III and IV of Penck), and one pliocene

authorities. It has been introduced here on account of its historica

e best realised by comparing the position assigned to the Solutréan industry

e, but not a southern type. For the combination commonly regarded as indicative of the southern type (viz. Elephas antiquus, Rhinoceros merckii, and Hippopotamus major) is very doubtfully demonstrable in this association, save in the very remarkable instance of the G

the snow-level in Central Europe durin

Magdalenian. Sol Solutréan. Günz, Mindel, Ri

o nearly 1200 m. below the present level, the fall corresponding to the Günzian glaciation. After this it nearly attains its former level, but

nter-glacial age is indicated. But there are four such glacial phases from which to choose in Professor Penck's scheme, and

ost recent glacial period (Boule's No. III = Penck's No. IV = Würm), whereas Professor Penck places them in h

alternatives. (The view of Professor Hoernes, who assigns the Mousterian types to the first i

award here given is in favour of Professor Boule's scheme

lenian culture is post-glacial. But beyond this, the two factions seem to agree that the Mousterian culture is 'centred' on a gla

affinities. This denotes an inter-glacial period. Therefore an inter-glacial period is indicated as having preceded

nd no such definite inter-glacial period should follow it. The last glacial period alone satisfies these requirements. The Mousterian position

f the last great glacial period (Penck's No. IV or Würmian). The associated fauna is alleged to indicate that the age is not post-Würmian, as might be supposed. This station at Wildkirchli probably repres

(Ain, Rhone Basin, France, 1889), and Conliège (Jura, 1908) are accompanied by stratigraphical evidence whereb

gainst the position assigned by Profes

e a subsequent but warmer inter-glacial subdivision of the Mousterian period. The difficulty is to find convincing evidence of this post-Mousterian inter-glacial period, and of the corresponding 'southern' fauna. Professor Penck believes that the 'southern' ani

the implements found with the 'southern fauna' at Taubach (v. ante Chapters II and III). If the implements are of Mousterian type, they support Professor Pe

pinion regarding the position of Solutré (i.e. its typical implements) is very extensive and quite definite. In effect, the type of Solutré is assigned to the newer (jüngerer) l?ss deposits. But these are also widely recognised as entirely post-glacial.

The attempt to overcome this objection by attributing an earlier (? inter-glacial) age to

ency is very marked to allow theory to run too far ahead of fact. Facts of the following kind are hard to reconcile with the schemes just described. (i) A Mousterian type of implement is recorded by Commont from the later (younger) l?ss of the third terrace at S. Acheul. According to the theory, the type of Solutré, and not of Le Moustier, should have oc

porta pointed out instances of regions with a sub-tropical climate actually adjacent to glacial areas. This subject has fortunately now

on and evolution (as shewn by the fauna), and of great climatic oscillations has not yet been obtained, but it has not b

ration and in intensity. Their relative proportions are shewn in Professor Penck's diagram (Fig. 25).