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oil preparatory to raising a corn-crop is work; the making of brooms; the writing of fugues. There is no one who doe

, also, we blast rock, in order to get stones for a stone wall, or for the filling of a road-bed. And we rip up old clothes in order to have rags, and to make room in our homes for other things. Destructiveness from a sheer love of destructiveness is not work-it is vandalism. The true Man works. When

he honor, the harder the work. The power to work is ordinarily the measure of a man's possibilities of success. Long hours, hard toil, lack of recognition and appreciation, drudgery, a thousand attempts to one successful issue,-these are the ways

rn and bred in the forest, he lays hand to his axe, and looking up at some tall oak, cries out, I will begin here! With the fir

done because certain faculties of mind and heart and soul demand expression, development, and scope. We all have powers which are willing to be set in action primarily for self-preservation-for personal, material, and transitory ends. We are also endowed with facu

had to live. For the same purpose, he worked at raising potatoes, green corn, and peas. When he wrote Walden, he did a kind of work which also in time

e of doing these two kinds of work. Unless he or she can do income-work, he or she is not econ

e fact that these two kinds of work are not repre

ing-power of the working-man. Both are men. The problem is, How shall the capitalist lead the noblest, most public-spirited, and helpful life in relation to those in his employ? How shall the working-man lay hold on the be

the larger, universal work is shut away from me. My faculties are atrophied-paralyzed-and hence my soul smoulders with deep and angry discontent. This ceaseless and sordid anxiety for bread cuts me out of

laborer, finds his income too small for him, and says, "I, too, do income-work which does not bring me bread, books,

do income-work for which we do not receive income. When strangers do this work, they are paid, and we are not." In addition, many a woman is so bound down by daily tasks, that her whole soul cries out,

without regard to the fact: as to whether the particular club, in its atmosphere and influence, is good or bad; it brings discouragement, disorder, and unrest into the home, dissatisf

e between industry and idleness is that work is one thing which no one may honorably escape. Since it must be done, the problem of

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ger talk. Is this a living-wage?-Just enough warmth, not to freeze. Just enough clothing to be decent. Just enough food to go through the day

Dr. Patten has formulated certain "economic rights" of man. Each employer must say: Before I settle back with a serene belief that I have given my men a living-wage, let me ask: Have they sun? air? sanitary surrou

me, and bring up healthy children, will do more work, and better work, than the workman who lives in a damp, dark, ill-ventilated tenement, and who goes to his day's work with a heart sullen and broken because of avoidable illness and sorrow in his poor little home. Five thousand employees who have a night-school, lu

woman increases his economic efficiency. Therefore even the selfish policy of shrewd corporations to-day is to screw up, and not

This is a very different proposition from this: What I do not earn, I want to have! For every stroke of human toil, the universe assigns a right reward-a reward, not of money only, but of peace of heart, joy, and the possibilities of helpfulness. But when the work done has not been done faithfully, or well, or honestly, or in the right spirit, the rew

f the second kind, nearly every phase of it begins right here, that men and women demand for labor something which they have not earned. They do careless, indifferent, shiftless, reckless work, and then demand a livi

laziness, for shirking, for cheating, or for theft. To do so is a social wrong. It is the wrong that lie

smoke. One boy buys newspapers, and sells them at a profit which buys him his dinner. A fourth boy buys seeds, plants them, and raises a tiny garden which keeps him in beans for a whole season, The fifth boy buys a book which starts him on the career of an educated man: he

ent, the two talents, or the ten talents, of endowment an

l a man has mastered what he has to do, he cannot be expected to be accounted a serious factor in the economic world. The moment he achieves skill in what

onduct of the factory or business. In a few years he is the foreman, or an inventor, or a partner, with independent capital of his own. Again, there is a blind way of doing skilled work, or of merely doing it without noticing where it is most needed, or how the market is going for this special kind of work. The one who has his eyes open reads, not

high mercantile value

ke, every widespread dissatisfaction, means economic waste. It means expense both of time and money to send for Pinkertons to keep order and preserve discipline. The man who adds to his technical skill, and his knowledge of the market, the power of control adds great force and value to his work. Higher yet is executive force, the power to adjust responsibilities and duties in such a way as to get back a high economic return in the way of service. But above all, ther

himself: Have I mastered my work? Am I loyal? Am I ca

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which shall be worth doing, and be of itself pleasant to do: and which should be d

g of cesspools, the butchery of cattle for the market, and the execution of capital criminals, which can scarcely be called pleasant to do, and must yet be done. As long as the world is t

No task was too dirty or disagreeable for him; no detail was too disgusting. He did anything he saw to be done,-called in additional doctors, organized the nurses, and himself waited on patients night and day. He soon had the hospital

f a happy spirit. It must be spontaneous. This is why machine-work can never be thoroughly beautiful: it lacks the spontaneity of life. The hand never makes two

fifty kinds; who worked on the road-building, on public works, and in rowing in the galleys of the slave-propelled ships. In Carthage agriculture was for a time largely carried on by slave-labor. How different is this slave-labor from the craft-work of mediaeval times, when, under the protection of the guilds, manual

rks. He loves his task, and from his love there begins a gradual shaping of the ideal. The product gains a touch of beauty. The needlework of Egypt and Byzantium, the laces

she wrought her nets, she looked upon the lovely sea-treasures, their beauty passed into her heart and mind, and she began to copy, spray by spray, the coral-foliage, the leaves of the sea-grasses, and the curves of the sea-shells, un

compose twelve oratorios, which shall body forth the whole life of the Saviour. He believes that the music-lover and the church-lover may be identical, and has set his hand to the uniting of all true music-lovers with the great offices and services and influences of the Church. Here is Work exalted to its spiritual office: to carry out, n

life. This is in harmony neither with man's infinite capacity, nor with her inexhaustible variety.

ne's happiness, is not the fact of the work in recitation-rooms, out of books, laboratories, and under teachers. The glory of college

nd architecture, of music, literature, and art. Beauty is in and about the place in which one thinks and works. This is the undying charm of Oxford-the gathering traditions of centuries, the gleaming spir

cities; towers and pinnacles; sky-lines of vigor, grace, and massive strength. Cannot department stores be artistically fashioned and built? Cannot market-houses have arches and arabesques? May not even the Bourse have so

eauty, as well as honesty and fidelity, in the way, place, and thought of work! When religion, education, art, and brotherly affection have joined hands in a charmed circle, we shall have new ideas of working-places, as well as of praying-places, and of living-places! It is not enough that a factory should be situated, as the best factori

Could not friends work more together, so that one's daily work should be, not a time of separation from all we love most, but a time of intellectual sympathy and he

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ores; the activities of buying food and clothing; the moral responsibilities of teaching and training servants and children. If any healthy member of the home is excused from at least some form of active work, he will inevitably be a shirker when

r little girls to go to school until their beds are made up and their rooms in order. Other equally wise parents have tools in the house, and allow the boys to do all the repair work, the daughters all the family mending, or to care for the linen; the boys to put in electric fixtures and bells, and keep the batteries in order. Queen Margherita of Italy, Queen Elizabeth of

in health, who does not work. But for some forms of work, men and women receive an income, and nothing more. For other work, men and women may or may no

n the world work is done in a spirit of love and fidelity, it brings its own reward

d dropping it again with sufficient force to split a rock apart. But the writing of a prose masterpiece, such as the Areopagitica, involves the highest human faculties in harmonious action. If we add to the requirements of prose, the rhythm, the exalted imagery, and perhaps the assonance and rhyme of verse, we still

, as office-work maybe. We may talk of "eight-hour shifts," but they are scarcely practicable. Not every b

equirements of weather, health, temper, and season, of emergency and stress, that are to be found in the most purely personal relation. Wh

petent and unfaithful? The here-and-there one faithful helper receives her meed of appreciation and affection. The whole aspect o

shop is the apprentice-place of work, before one takes up individual responsibilities. The man who wishes to rise in the railroad service go

ing tied up to exercise-books and roll-books, in their home-hours, they should have a chance to spend their time on the golf-links, at afternoon teas, in visiting and in entertaining friends. Take away society

e best intellectual life of the world-who are not only, in the highest sense of the word, society men a

nother problem, which affects nearly all married women, and therefore a large section of the human race. It is the problem of mother-work. Here is where the economist should next turn his atte

s manual, intellectual, and spiritual labors. The one who lives and works, as God meant her to live and work, will never feel over-fatigue. Why do mothers often look so t

education that schools, colleges, universities, and foreign travel can give, should be given to the woman who is fortunate enough to have them at command, and that every woman, according to the degree of her possibilities of education and opportunity, should have the best. But always this education should be thought of as a part of her preparation for a woman's life. When boys are in a business college, the principal of that college does not forget that among the boys there may be more than one who will never h

an learn! What a man can do, I can do!"-the spirit would be this: "I am going out into a woman's life, and it is my business now to take to myself all the wisdom, counsel, experience, and inspiration of past ages, that I may be the ver

would not have the too-ambitious woman stepping out of college, or the restless and discontented one. We would have the large-minded, earnest, noble, public-spirited one, who would go out

old emergencies, but she should learn somewhere the elements of these studies, so that when she goes in

working men and women are given this day in the stores, the factories, and mines-the cook and maids have their Sundays out, and their week-day afternoons-that nowhere on earth, so far as I know, has there ever been a systematic arrangement by which mothers, as a class, have any specially arrange

sts her expenses and expenditures cannot by any possibility be the kind of woman that the one is who chooses her own things, and spend

he four walls of her home. The race has demands upon her, as well as her own child. She ought to be guarded from that short-sighted and selfish devotion

nce in the world! Making a social place for a family involves a very wide acquaintance with really great social ideals; with the best instincts and customs; with world refinement and manners, as well as those of one's own town or village-with the social possibilities of life in genera

deas of life. It is the society of earnest, cultured, and public-spirited men and women, each of whom is adding something to the g

er charm as a woman increases, instead of diminishes, every year of her married life. Her looks mark her everywhere as a supremely happy woman, and she goes out into the

t choice of work lies the fullest use of one's capacities; in the right conditions of work lies the freest play of on

tly, but blindly, have their small reward. But those who work with spiritual energy and enthusiasm are weaving their handiwork into the very fibre of the universal frame. It is for these spiritual workers that the great ea

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