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Opúsculos por Alexandre Herculano - Tomo 08 by Alexandre Herculano
Considerámos já em si a pena de morte: vimos que nenhuma sanc??o tinha nos principios constitutivos da sociedade; antes era, em respeito a elles, um absurdo contradictorio. Falta examinar a quest?o pelo lado da necessidade: vêr, se como quer De Maistre, todo o poder, grandeza e subordina??o repousam no algoz; e se a espada da justi?a deve estar sempre desembaínhada para amea?ar e ferir de morte.
Tirai, diz aquelle fautor e apologista do despotismo, tirai do mundo o carrasco, esse agente incomprehensivel, e no mesmo instante a ordem se trocará em cháos, os ermos soverter-se-h?o, a sociedade desapparecerá.
é esta a linguagem de um dos mais habeis propugnadores do absolutismo na Europa. Foi este o resultado rigorosamente logico que elle deduziu dos seus principios politicos. Qual será a deduc??o de principios contrarios, de principios liberaes? Parece que a opposta. E com effeito foi a que delles deduzimos no antecedente artigo: vejamos agora qual a necessidade e a utilidade social da pena de morte.
E um facto ahi está-um facto perenne e innegavel-a historia criminal dos povos modernos, comparada com a frequencia dos supplicios. N?o falaremos de épochas de convuls?es politicas; porque a exalta??o das paix?es converte ent?o o homem em anjo de heroismo e resigna??o, ou em demonio de barbaria e vileza: mas consideremos os tempos ordinarios de cada sociedade, seja qual f?r a sua fórma politica de existir; vejamos se o cadafalso serve, em verdade, para reprimir crimes, porque, na falta de outros meios para alcan?ar aquelle fim, elle seria uma necessidade pública.
Como n?o é possível chamar a juizo a historia de todas as na??es da Europa, até porque escaceiam os apontamentos estatisticos desta especie na maior parte dellas, olhemos só para a Fran?a e Inglaterra.
Na Fran?a é indubitavel que ha uma repugnancia visivel á commina??o da pena de morte: a guilhotina, t?o rica de victimas durante a revolu??o, quasi que se vê hoje abandonada; e se muitas vezes a brandura e a philosophia faltam nas leis, est?o no caràcter do povo, e na consciencia dos juizes.
A Inglaterra foi no século XVIII, e ainda nos segundos dez annos do reinado de Jorge III, o país classico da f?rca, e a pena capital, segundo Mr. Phillips, dava a Londres umas parecen?as de a?ougue; hoje a Inglaterra está longe desta crueldade, mas ainda excede muito a Fran?a no numero das execu??es annuaes.
Em Fran?a, segundo um relatorio do ministro da justi?a, de 1829, vê-se que num anno, de 4475 criminosos julgados, tinham sido condemnados á morte só 89. No anno de 1833 aquelle país, tendo crescido em popula??o tinha diminuido em criminosos, pois só houve 4418, dos quaes apenas 74 foram condemnados á pena última.
Todos sabem que a popula??o da Inglaterra é bastante inferior á da Fran?a. A somma dos criminosos convencidos na Gr?-Bretanha era de pouco mais de 10:000 em 1829, sendo destes condemnados á pena última 1:311. Em 1832 houve 14:947 senten?as; n?o sabemos quantas de morte: mas basta-nos saber que a pena última imposta á nona parte dos criminosos em Inglaterra, em 1829, sendo em Fran?a, no mesmo anno, imposta á quinquagesima parte delles, n?o embara?ou que naquelle país a criminalidade fosse em progresso, emquanto neste foi em diminui??o.
Que prova isto? Que o supplício nada influe nas ac??es dos homens: que se devem buscar as causas que os levam a perpetrar delictos, para as remover, emvez de erguer cadafalsos, que destroem o criminoso, mas n?o impediram que elle o fosse. Um homem honrado ultrajado, n?o dista um passo de ser um assassino: n?o espereis que elle o seja, para depois o enforcardes: dai-lhe leis que tomem a seu cargo desaffrontá-lo. Um desgra?ado, rodeado de filhos, sem ter um bocado de p?o que lhes dê, vai converter-se num salteador da via pública; n?o espereis que elle o seja para depois o enforcardes: abri ao povo o caminho de ganhar a vida na lavoura, no commercio ou na industria, e os salteadores desapparecer?o. Uma crean?a de tenra idade mostra índole perversa, annuncia para a idade viril um malvado: moderai-lhe e torcei-lhe essa índole na infancia, creando uma educa??o pública, que n?o existe; n?o espereis que ella seja homem e criminoso, para depois a enforcades: guiai bem a mocidade e os crimes rarear?o.
Virá alguem com dizer que no estado actual da sociedade, existindo essas causas de crimes que apontámos, n?o é possivel apagar dos códigos criminaes as leis escriptas com sangue? P?r esta objec??o será daqui a cincoenta annos uma vergonha: ha tambem cincoenta annos que se julgava impossivel sustentar colonias sem o tráfico dos negros: quem, sem córar, se atreverá a dizê-lo hoje? Ainda ha pouquissimos séculos, os tractos e as fogueiras eram no entender de muitos politicos instrumentos necessarios da existencia social. No tempo dos hebreus era considerado o exterminio de ra?as inteiras como outro elemento da sociedade. Se conhecessemos a historia primitiva do género-humano, talvez lá achássemos ainda mais horriveis necessidades sociaes.
Felizmente o progresso intellectual e moral n?o pára: a última preocupa??o das épochas de barbaridade passará: a palavra algoz chegará a ser um archaismo: e os cadafalsos apodrecidos e roídos dos vermes ser?o algum dia, um monumento dos delirios e erros do passado.
A IMPRENSA
Opúsculos por Alexandre Herculano - Tomo I by Alexandre Herculano
Opúsculos por Alexandre Herculano - Tomo II by Alexandre Herculano
Opúsculos por Alexandre Herculano - Tomo VII by Alexandre Herculano
Everyone was shocked to the bones when the news of Rupert Benton's engagement broke out. It was surprising because the lucky girl was said to be a plain Jane, who grew up in the countryside and had nothing to her name. One evening, she showed up at a banquet, stunning everyone present. "Wow, she's so beautiful!" All the men drooled, and the women got so jealous. What they didn't know was that this so-called country girl was actually an heiress to a billion-dollar empire. It wasn't long before her secrets came to light one after the other. The elites couldn't stop talking about her. "Holy smokes! So, her father is the richest man in the world?" "She's also that excellent, but mysterious designer who many people adore! Who would have guessed?" Nonetheless, people thought that Rupert didn't love her. But they were in for another surprise. Rupert released a statement, silencing all the naysayers. "I'm very much in love with my beautiful fiancee. We will be getting married soon." Two questions were on everyone's minds: "Why did she hide her identity? And why was Rupert in love with her all of a sudden?"
On the day of their wedding anniversary, Joshua's mistress drugged Alicia, and she ended up in a stranger's bed. In one night, Alicia lost her innocence, while Joshua's mistress carried his child in her womb. Heartbroken and humiliated, Alicia demanded a divorce, but Joshua saw it as yet another tantrum. When they finally parted ways, she went on to become a renowned artist, sought out and admired by everyone. Consumed by regret, Joshua darkened her doorstep in hopes of reconciliation, only to find her in the arms of a powerful tycoon. "Say hello to your sister-in-law."
She thought she was the love of his life, and he became the love of her life that fateful day she had seen him at the pack's party. Selene Grace was only a replica of Alpha Leo's real mate, and when he spotted her, Leo immediately claimed her as his Luna in order to suppress the rumors of him being mateless. Being unable to conceive turns Selene's marriage into a nightmare, and as if that wasn't enough, Alpha Leo finally reunites with his long time lover and mate, rejecting a pregnant Selene as a result. 5 years later, Selene, a now successful doctor, receives an invitation to the moon shadow pack in order to rid the pack of a deadly disease which has struck it. Will Selene return back to the pack which had caused her so much pain, and what would she do when she realizes that she is mated to the Alpha who had betrayed her in the past?
Charlee was left at the altar and became a laughingstock. She tried to keep her head high, but ultimately lost it when she received a sex tape of her fiance and her half-sister. Devastated, she ended up spending a wild night with a hot stranger. It was supposed to be one-time thing, but he kept popping up, helping her with projects and revenge, all while flirting with her constantly. Charlee soon realized that it was nice having him around, until her ex suddenly appeared at her door, begging for another chance. Her tycoon lover asked, “Who will you choose? Think carefully before you answer.”
Lindsey's fiancé was the devil's first son. Not only did he lie to her but he also slept with her stepmother, conspired to take away her family fortune, and then set her up to have sex with a total stranger. To get her lick back, Lindsey decided to find a man to disrupt her engagement party and humiliate the cheating bastard. Never did she imagine that she would bump into a strikingly handsome stranger who was all that she was currently looking for. At the engagement party, he boldly declared that she was his woman. Lindsey thought he was just a broke man who wanted to leech off her. But once they began their fake relationship, she realized that good luck kept coming her way. She thought they would part ways after the engagement party, but this man kept to her side. "We gotta stick together, Lindsey. Remember, I'm now your fiancé. " "Domenic, you're with me because of my money, aren't you?" Lindsey asked, narrowing her eyes at him. Domenic was taken aback by that accusation. How could he, the heir of the Walsh family and CEO of Vitality Group, be with her for money? He controlled more than half of the city's economy. Money wasn't a problem for him! The two got closer and closer. One day, Lindsey finally realized that Domenic was actually the stranger she had slept with months ago. Would this realization change things between them? For the better or worse?
In the previous life, Maggie Johnson was so cowardly, gullible and stupid that she was coaxed by her fiance and stepsister and then broke her legs and lost everything including her fortune, love and even life. However, she was so lucky that she was reborn in the year before everything happened. Since her life restarted, how could she repeat a previous tragedy? Therefore, in this life, she took the opportunity to improve herself and take revenge on the ones who had ever insulted her. Facing the people who had humiliated her previously, she became smart and experienced to break their frames and tricks that had caused her to hurt in the previous life. Finally, no one could stop her pace to amaze the world any more.