Opúsculos por Alexandre Herculano - Tomo 08 by Alexandre Herculano
Considerámos já em si a pena de morte: vimos que nenhuma sanc??o tinha nos principios constitutivos da sociedade; antes era, em respeito a elles, um absurdo contradictorio. Falta examinar a quest?o pelo lado da necessidade: vêr, se como quer De Maistre, todo o poder, grandeza e subordina??o repousam no algoz; e se a espada da justi?a deve estar sempre desembaínhada para amea?ar e ferir de morte.
Tirai, diz aquelle fautor e apologista do despotismo, tirai do mundo o carrasco, esse agente incomprehensivel, e no mesmo instante a ordem se trocará em cháos, os ermos soverter-se-h?o, a sociedade desapparecerá.
é esta a linguagem de um dos mais habeis propugnadores do absolutismo na Europa. Foi este o resultado rigorosamente logico que elle deduziu dos seus principios politicos. Qual será a deduc??o de principios contrarios, de principios liberaes? Parece que a opposta. E com effeito foi a que delles deduzimos no antecedente artigo: vejamos agora qual a necessidade e a utilidade social da pena de morte.
E um facto ahi está-um facto perenne e innegavel-a historia criminal dos povos modernos, comparada com a frequencia dos supplicios. N?o falaremos de épochas de convuls?es politicas; porque a exalta??o das paix?es converte ent?o o homem em anjo de heroismo e resigna??o, ou em demonio de barbaria e vileza: mas consideremos os tempos ordinarios de cada sociedade, seja qual f?r a sua fórma politica de existir; vejamos se o cadafalso serve, em verdade, para reprimir crimes, porque, na falta de outros meios para alcan?ar aquelle fim, elle seria uma necessidade pública.
Como n?o é possível chamar a juizo a historia de todas as na??es da Europa, até porque escaceiam os apontamentos estatisticos desta especie na maior parte dellas, olhemos só para a Fran?a e Inglaterra.
Na Fran?a é indubitavel que ha uma repugnancia visivel á commina??o da pena de morte: a guilhotina, t?o rica de victimas durante a revolu??o, quasi que se vê hoje abandonada; e se muitas vezes a brandura e a philosophia faltam nas leis, est?o no caràcter do povo, e na consciencia dos juizes.
A Inglaterra foi no século XVIII, e ainda nos segundos dez annos do reinado de Jorge III, o país classico da f?rca, e a pena capital, segundo Mr. Phillips, dava a Londres umas parecen?as de a?ougue; hoje a Inglaterra está longe desta crueldade, mas ainda excede muito a Fran?a no numero das execu??es annuaes.
Em Fran?a, segundo um relatorio do ministro da justi?a, de 1829, vê-se que num anno, de 4475 criminosos julgados, tinham sido condemnados á morte só 89. No anno de 1833 aquelle país, tendo crescido em popula??o tinha diminuido em criminosos, pois só houve 4418, dos quaes apenas 74 foram condemnados á pena última.
Todos sabem que a popula??o da Inglaterra é bastante inferior á da Fran?a. A somma dos criminosos convencidos na Gr?-Bretanha era de pouco mais de 10:000 em 1829, sendo destes condemnados á pena última 1:311. Em 1832 houve 14:947 senten?as; n?o sabemos quantas de morte: mas basta-nos saber que a pena última imposta á nona parte dos criminosos em Inglaterra, em 1829, sendo em Fran?a, no mesmo anno, imposta á quinquagesima parte delles, n?o embara?ou que naquelle país a criminalidade fosse em progresso, emquanto neste foi em diminui??o.
Que prova isto? Que o supplício nada influe nas ac??es dos homens: que se devem buscar as causas que os levam a perpetrar delictos, para as remover, emvez de erguer cadafalsos, que destroem o criminoso, mas n?o impediram que elle o fosse. Um homem honrado ultrajado, n?o dista um passo de ser um assassino: n?o espereis que elle o seja, para depois o enforcardes: dai-lhe leis que tomem a seu cargo desaffrontá-lo. Um desgra?ado, rodeado de filhos, sem ter um bocado de p?o que lhes dê, vai converter-se num salteador da via pública; n?o espereis que elle o seja para depois o enforcardes: abri ao povo o caminho de ganhar a vida na lavoura, no commercio ou na industria, e os salteadores desapparecer?o. Uma crean?a de tenra idade mostra índole perversa, annuncia para a idade viril um malvado: moderai-lhe e torcei-lhe essa índole na infancia, creando uma educa??o pública, que n?o existe; n?o espereis que ella seja homem e criminoso, para depois a enforcades: guiai bem a mocidade e os crimes rarear?o.
Virá alguem com dizer que no estado actual da sociedade, existindo essas causas de crimes que apontámos, n?o é possivel apagar dos códigos criminaes as leis escriptas com sangue? P?r esta objec??o será daqui a cincoenta annos uma vergonha: ha tambem cincoenta annos que se julgava impossivel sustentar colonias sem o tráfico dos negros: quem, sem córar, se atreverá a dizê-lo hoje? Ainda ha pouquissimos séculos, os tractos e as fogueiras eram no entender de muitos politicos instrumentos necessarios da existencia social. No tempo dos hebreus era considerado o exterminio de ra?as inteiras como outro elemento da sociedade. Se conhecessemos a historia primitiva do género-humano, talvez lá achássemos ainda mais horriveis necessidades sociaes.
Felizmente o progresso intellectual e moral n?o pára: a última preocupa??o das épochas de barbaridade passará: a palavra algoz chegará a ser um archaismo: e os cadafalsos apodrecidos e roídos dos vermes ser?o algum dia, um monumento dos delirios e erros do passado.
A IMPRENSA
Opúsculos por Alexandre Herculano - Tomo I by Alexandre Herculano
Opúsculos por Alexandre Herculano - Tomo II by Alexandre Herculano
Opúsculos por Alexandre Herculano - Tomo VII by Alexandre Herculano
My family was on the poverty line and had no way to support me in college. I had to work part-time every day just to make ends meet and afford to get into the university. That was when I met her—the pretty girl in my class that every boy dreamt of asking out. I was well aware she was out of my league. Nevertheless, I mustered all my courage and bravely told her that I had fallen for her. To my surprise, she agreed to be my girlfriend. With the sweetest smile I had ever seen, she told me that she wanted my first gift for her to be the latest and top-of-the-line iPhone. I worked like a dog and even did my classmates’ laundry to save up. My hard work eventually paid off after a month. I finally got to buy what she wanted. But as I was wrapping my gift, I saw her in the dressing room, making out with the captain of the basketball team. She then heartlessly made fun of my inadequacy and made a fool out of me. To make things worse, the guy whom she cheated on me with even punched me in the face. Desperation washed over me, but there was nothing I could do but lie on the floor as they trampled on my feelings. But then, my father called me out of the blue, and my life turned upside down. It turned out that I was a billionaire's son.
Rose looked at the reports in her hand and was in shock... The reports said that she was one month pregnant, however, how can she get pregnant when she didn't have any man in her life... "Was it because of that dream? Could I get pregnant because I have sex in my dream?" She thought... She didn't have any mental problems, however, except for this she can't able to think about anything... However, she still didn't get out of her surprise when she met the man in her dream... Kevin Davis looked at the reports in her hand and asked, "Is this child mine?" However, Rose didn't answer but asked... "Was that night not a dream?" Kevin was angry because it was his first time and she thinks it was a dream... Kevin forced her to marry him however, Rose didn't want it... She wanted to abort the child but he didn't let her... In the end... Rose agreed to marry him... She looked at Kevin's blue eyes and said, "I will marry you, however, I had two conditions..." "First, after marriage, you can't control my freedom, I still had the right to do whatever I want. Don't worry I won't harm the child." "Second, if I ever found out that you had cheated behind my back then I will leave with my child and you can't stop me..." Both of them got married... However, after she falls in love with him... She found there are hidden secrets in his past...
Rosalynn's marriage to Brian wasn't what she envisioned it to be. Her husband, Brian, barely came home. He avoided her like a plague. Worse still, he was always in the news for dating numerous celebrities. Rosalynn persevered until she couldn't take it anymore. She upped and left after filing for a divorce. Everything changed days later. Brian took interest in a designer that worked for his company anonymously. From her profile, he could tell that she was brilliant and dazzling. He pulled the stops to find out her true identity. Little did he know that he was going to receive the greatest shocker of his life. Brian bit his finger with regret when he recalled his past actions and the woman he foolishly let go.
In order to fulfill her grandfather's last wish, Stella entered into a hasty marriage with an ordinary man she had never met before. However, even after becoming husband and wife on paper, they each led separate lives, barely crossing paths. A year later, Stella returned to Seamarsh City, hoping to finally meet her mysterious husband. To her astonishment, he sent her a text message, unexpectedly pleading for a divorce without ever having met her in person. Gritting her teeth, Stella replied, "So be it. Let’s get a divorce!" Following that, Stella made a bold move and joined the Prosperity Group, where she became a public relations officer that worked directly for the company’s CEO, Matthew. The handsome and enigmatic CEO was already bound in matrimony, and was known to be unwaveringly devoted to his wife in private. Unbeknownst to Stella, her mysterious husband was actually her boss, in his alternate identity! Determined to focus on her career, Stella deliberately kept her distance from the CEO, although she couldn't help but notice his deliberate attempts to get close to her. As time went on, her elusive husband had a change of heart. He suddenly refused to proceed with the divorce. When would his alternate identity be uncovered? Amidst a tumultuous blend of deception and profound love, what destiny awaited them?
Two years ago, Ricky found himself coerced into marrying Emma to protect the woman he cherished. From Ricky's perspective, Emma was despicable, resorting to underhanded schemes to ensure their marriage. He maintained a distant and cold attitude toward her, reserving his warmth for another. Yet, Emma remained wholeheartedly dedicated to Ricky for more than ten years. As she grew weary and considered relinquishing her efforts, Ricky was seized by a sudden fear. Only when Emma's life teetered on the edge, pregnant with Ricky's child, did he recognize-the love of his life had always been Emma.
Her fiance and her best friend worked together and set her up. She lost everything and died in the street. However, she was reborn. The moment she opened her eyes, her husband was trying to strangle her. Luckily, she survived that. She signed the divorce agreement without hesitation and was ready for her miserable life. To her surprise, her mother in this life left her a great deal of money. She turned the tables and avenged herself. Everything went well in her career and love when her ex-husband came to her.