elections from Pliny and Aristotle, from the works of the mediaeval physicians and romancers, from Magister

rly days, originally imported from the East through Spain and Italy. The memory of these survives even now in our popular locutions. "Licked into shape" refers to the tale we give in our account of

id, and then t

na murther

ement sudden d

ks th' alluring

those two minor curses of humanity-the amorous cat and the wandering cur. But he has preserved for us a noble eulogy of the

eth distinguished atween. The outer limbs thereof be as it were the outer limbs of a lion, and his tail is like to a wild scorpion, with a sting, and smiteth with hard bristle pricks as a wild swine, and hath an horrible vo

imself on his adversary with his tusks, and putteth himself in peril of death with a wonder fierceness against the weapon of his enemy, and hath in his mouth two crooked tusks right strong and sharp, and breaketh and rendeth cruelly with them those which he withstandeth. And useth the tusks instead of a sword. And hath a hard shield, broad and thick in the right side, and putteth that always against his weapon that pursueth hi

vile meat and little, and gathereth his meat among briars and thorns and thistles.... And the ass hath another wretched condition known to nigh all men. For he is put to travail over-night, and is beaten with staves, and sticked and pricked with pricks, and his mouth is wrung with a bernacle, and is led hither and thither, and withdrawn from leas and pasture that is in his way oft by the re

at hight Saura, as it were a little ewt, and some men mean that it is a lizard; for when this beast is aware that this serpent is present, then he leapeth upon his face that sleepeth, and scratcheth with his feet to wake him, and to

knoweth the slayer, and reseth on him, be he in never so great company of men and of people, and busieth to slay him, and passeth all difficulties and spaces of ways, and with wreak of the said death of his mate. And is not let, ne put off, but it be by swift flight, or by waters or riv

the plough: and pricketh the slow with a goad, and maketh them draw even. And pleaseth them with whistling and with song, to make them bear the yoke with the better will for liking of melody of the voice. And this herd driveth and ruleth them to draw even, and teacheth them to make even furrow

head of Nile, and there beside is a wild beast that hight Catoblefas, and hath a little body, and nice in all members, and a great head hanging always toward the earth, and else it were great noying to mankind. For all that see his eyen, should die anon, and the same kind hath the cockatrice, and the serpent that is bred in the province of Sirena; and hath a body in length and in breadth as the cockatrice, and a tail of twelve inches long, and hath a speck in his head as a precious stone, and feareth away all serpents with hissing. And he presseth not his body with much bowing, but his course of way is forthright, and goeth in mean. He drieth and burneth leaves and herbs, not only

to take prey for their masters, and forsake not the dead bodies of their masters. We have known that hounds fought for their lords against thieves, and were sore wounded, and that they kept away beasts and fowls from their masters' bodies dead. And that a

he stone that is thrown to him: and biteth the stone with great woodness, that he breaketh his own teeth, and grieveth not the stone, but his own teeth full sore. Also he is guileful and deceivable, and so oft he fickleth and fawneth with his tail on men that pass by the way, as though he were a friend, and biteth them sore if they take none heed backward. And the hound hateth stones and rods, and is bold and hardy among them that he knoweth, and busieth to bite and to fear all other, and is not bold when he passeth among strangers. Also the hound is envious, and gathereth herbs privily, and is right sorry if any man know the virtue of those herbs, as is also evil apaid if any strange hounds and unknown come into the

e, for they lay one of them upright on the ground, instead of a sled or of a dray, with his legs and feet reared upward, and lay and load the sticks and wood between his legs and thighs, and draw him home to their dens, and unlade and discharge him there, and make their dwelling places right strong by great subtlety of craft. In their houses be two chambers

er, or by the cliff, he slayeth him if he may, and th

gons is everlasting fighting, for the dragon with his tail bindeth and spanneth the elephant, and the elephant with his foot and with his nose throweth down the dragon, and the dragon bindeth and spanneth the elephant's legs, and maketh him fall, but the dragon buyeth it full sore: for while he slayeth the elephant, the elephant falleth upon him and slayeth him. Also the elephant seeing the dragon upon a tree, busieth him to break the tree to smite the dragon, and the dragon leapeth upon the elephant, and busieth him to bite him between the nostrils, and assaileth the elephant's eyen, and maketh him blind sometime, and leapeth upon him sometime behind, and biteth him and sucketh his blood. And at the last after long fighting the elephant waxeth feeble for great blindness, in so much that he

se on their enemies with biting and smiting, and also some know their own lords, and forget mildness, if their lords be overcome: and some horses suffer no man to ride on their backs, but only their own lords. And many horses weep when their lords be dead. And it is said that horses weep for sorrow, right as a ma

ith an horse comb, nor arrayed with trapping and gay harness, nor smitten with spurs, nor saddled with saddle, nor tamed with bridle, but he followeth his mother freely, and eateth grass, and his feet be not pierced with nails, but he is suffered to run hither and thither freely: but at the last he is set to work and to travail, and is held and tied and led with halter

hey purpose first to deliver them of the man, that they may more securely feed their children and keep them the more warily.... Elephants be best in chivalry when they be tame: for they bear towers of tree, and throw down sheltrons, and overturn men of arms, and that is wonderful; for they dread not men of arms ranged in battle, and dread and flee the voice of the least sound of a swine. When they be taken, they be made tame and mild with barley: and a cave or a ditch is made under the earth, as it were a pitfall in the elephant's way, and unawares he falleth therein. And then one of the hunters cometh to him and beateth and smiteth him, and pricketh him full sore. And then another hunter cometh and smiteth the first hunter, and doth him away, and defendeth the elephant, and giveth him barley to eat, and when he hath eaten thrice or four times, then he loveth him that defended him, and is afterward mild and obedient to him. I have read in Physiologus' book that the elephant is a beast that passeth all other four-footed beasts in quantity, in wit, and in mind. For among other doings elephants lie never down in sleeping; but when they be weary they lean to a tree and so rest somewhat. And men lie in wait to espy their resting pla

nd some have plain faces without nostrils, and the nether lips of them stretch so, that they hele therewith their faces when they be in the heat of the sun: and some of them have closed mouths, in their breasts only one hole, and breathe and suck as it were with pipes and veins, and these be accounted tongueless, and use signs and becks instead of speaking. Also in Scythia be some with so great and large ears, that they spread their ears and cover all their bodies with them, and these be called Panchios.... And other be in Ethiopia, and each of them have only one foot so great and so large, that they beshadow themselves with the foot when they l

hath the neck of the adder, and the ridge of an elephant, and may not bend but if he bear all the body about. And herds tell that among stables, he feigneth speech of mankind, and calleth some man by his own name, and rendeth him when he hath him without. And he feigneth oft the name of some man, for to make hounds run out, that he may take and eat them.... And his shadow maketh hounds leave barking and be still, if he come near them. And if this beast hyena goeth thrice about any beast, that beast shall stint within his steps. Pliny

he is wounded, he taketh wonderly heed, and knoweth them that him first smiteth, and reseth on the smiter, though he be never in so great multitude: and if a man shoot at him, the lion chaseth him and throweth him down, and woundeth him not, nor hurteth him.... He hideth himself in high mountains, and espieth from thence his prey. And when he seeth his prey he roareth full loud, and at the voice of him other beasts dread and stint suddenly: and he maketh a circle all about them with his tail, and all the beasts dread to pass out over the line of the circle, and the beasts stand astonied and afraid, as it were abiding the hest and commandment of their king.... And he is ashamed to eat alone the prey that he taketh; therefore of his grace of free heart, he leaveth some of his prey to other beasts that follow him afar.... And the lion is hunted in this wise: One double cave is made one fast by that other, and in the second cave is set a whiche, that closeth full soon when it is touched: and in the first den and cave is a lamb set, and the lion leapeth therein, when he is an hungered, for to take the lamb. And when he seeth that he may not break out of the den, he is ashamed that he is beguiled, and would enter in to the second den to lurk there, and falleth smell, if the pard gendereth with the lioness, and reseth against the lioness that breaketh spousehood, and punisheth her full sore, but if she wash her in a river, and then it is not known. The lion liveth most long, and that is known by working and wasting of his teeth: and when in age he reseth on a man: for his virtue and might faileth to pursue great beasts and wild. And then he besiegeth cities to ransom and to take men: but when the lions be taken, then they be hanged, for other lions should dread such manner pain. The old lion reseth woodly on men, and only grunteth on women, and reseth seldom on children, but in great hunger.... In peril the lion is most gentle and noble, for when he is pursued with hounds and with hunters, the lion lurketh not nor hideth himself, but sitteth in fields where he may be seen, and arrayeth himself to defence. And runneth out of wood and covert with swift running and course, as though he would account vile shame to lurk and to hide himself. And he hideth himself not for dread that he hath, but he dreadeth himself

e goeth out. And that cave is full wide and large in either entering, and more narrow and straight in the middle. And so when the lion cometh, he fleeth and falleth suddenly into the cave, and the lion pursueth him with a great rese, and entereth also into the cave, and weeneth there to have the mastery over the leopard, but for greatness of his body he may not pass freely by the middle of the den which is full straight, and when the leopard knoweth that the lion is so let and

ayeth him afterward, and eateth him at the last. It is said, that if the wolf be stoned, he taketh heed of him that threw the first stone, and if that stone grieveth him he will slay him: and if it grieveth him not, and he may take him that throweth that stone, he doth him not much harm, but some harm he doth him as it were in wrath, and leaveth him at last.... The wolf may not bend his neck backward in no month of the year but in May alone, when it thundereth. And when he goeth by n

by sight, and hunteth and reseth on them in privy places: and when he taketh a mouse, he playeth therewith, and eateth him after the play. In time of love is hard fighting for wives, and one scratcheth and rendeth the other grievously with biting and with claws. And he maketh a ruthful noise and ghastful, w

ee days, and riseth after three days and crieth, and out of his mouth cometh right good air and savour, and is passing measure sweet: and for the sweetness all beasts follow him. And only the drag

-feared of the horribleness of their heads, and therefore they hide their heads, and toll the beasts to

with an harp, and they please so shipmen, with likeness of song, that they draw them to peril and to shipbreach, but the sooth is, that they were strong hores, that drew men that passed by them to poverty and to mischief. And Physiologus saith it is a beast of the sea, wonderly shapen as a maid from the navel upward and a fish from the navel downward, and this wonderful beast is glad and merry in tempest, an

headlong, and taketh the fore of him that beareth the whelps away, and followeth him by smell, and when the hunter heareth the grutching of that beast that runneth after him, he throweth down one of the whelps; and the mother taketh the whelp in her mouth, and beareth him into her den and layeth him therein, and runneth again after the hunter. But in the meantime the hunter taketh a ship, and hath with him the other whelps, and scapeth in that wise; and so she is beguiled and her fierceness standeth in no stead, and the male taketh no

ting; and is an unsteadfast beast, and unstable and uneasy, and goeth therefore all day about the stake, to the which he is strongly tied. He licketh and sucketh his own feet, and hath liking in the juice thereof. He can wonderly sty upon trees unto the highest tops of them, and oft bees gather honey in hollow trees, and the bear findeth honey by smell, and goeth up to the place that the honey is in, and maketh a way into the tree with his claws, and draweth out the honey and eateth it, and cometh oft by custom unto such a place when he is an-hungered. And the hunter taketh heed thereof, and pitcheth full sharp hooks and stakes about the foot of the tree, and hangeth craftily a right heavy hammer or a w

evoureth it. The fox halteth always, for the right legs are shorter than the left legs. His skin is right hairy rough and hot, his tail is great and rough; and when an hound weeneth to take him by the tail, he taketh his mouth full of hair and stoppeth it. The fox doth fight with the brock for dens, and defil

RCES OF

nder this name. His commentaries on the

beil (d. 1220). A doctor at M

ork is a poem in 9 books, called ANTI-CLAUDIANUS, largely quoted by all Middle Age writers. An account of it

heologian. The works quoted are commentaries on the Natural Histories of Aristotle. They

886). An Ara

nglish theologian: the

m Art

NEQUAM (1157-1217). Hi

k little known on the

s another proof of

lebrated astronomical treatise, "The Sphere," of Johannes Sacrobosco (John of Halifax), a contempora

1200). A physician and

P for a discussi

37). A sceptic opp

. The Hexameron

n, Archbishop of Canterbury.

A Greek g

C.). I would refer th

RANSLATIONS OF ARISTOTL

the works of this wri

g

INE (d

n of the Bible by PETRUS DE RI

). Moorish commen

FONTIS VITA. A work translated by Gundisalvi, of the greatest in

Arab physician, and co

ranciscan, afterwards General of the Ord

-379). In

t known in the thirteenth century was not hi

65). A French writer on

D (109

n of early myths on ani

ent forms of this wor

iolo

unknown in the early Middle Age, his popularity resting on his translations of Aristotle and his tr

. Author of the HISTO

GE'S Syriac Vers

DE SEPTEM DISCIPLINIS

Age Tex

1 B.C.). On

tator on the TIMAEUS of Plato. O

4 B.C.). In S

087). A Benedictine mon

ducer of Arab medicine

NA (20 books). He intro

ool of Salerno, transl

r, afterwards Bishop of Antioch, and

). Quoted by Constant

nd of 12th cent.).

on Aristotle, who took refuge in Persia. A

DES (d.

PSEUDO- (circ. 400). DE

S NOMI

333). A G

. 600). A disc

circ. 550).

(131

rated English physician in Fran

circ. 590

A Jewish physician.

AE. The first medica

antiu

LCHEMIA (not

ES (460-3

1210). A jurisconsult

(6th cent.). Wr

216). Wrote "De Con

hysician, who translated man

ote a work on Etymology in 20 books, one o

op, afterwards Cardinal legate. Wrote an EXEMPL

E (34

bridgment of Jewish Histor

7-95). Jewi

MALIBUS. A Syr

DE GEMMIS. There are many

4). See Mign

he most popular Latin p

th cent.). On THE

tary on the dream of Scipio was a

RCURY AND PHILOLOGIA, treating of THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS, which

LA (cir

UDO- (8th cent

tion of some Arabic works on Astronomy, and Aristotle's DE COELO

ASTROLO

3). Grammarian. [

kham's, or Albertus Magnus', but I believe it to be Peckham's,

s, wrote an account of the world from the Creation, which, when translated

100). A write

tern Europe as THEOBALDUS DE NATURIS XII. ANIMALIUM. Of Alexandrian origin, it dates fro

family of physicians at Salerno. His work is called the PR

he TIMAEUS is quoted, p

nd Isidore's work are the two chief so

525). Grammari

ronomer, known through Arabic translati

A Benedictine, afterwards Archbishop of Mayence, w

physician, perhaps the

1548,

ool of Paris. His grammar remained in use there fo

(d. 1173). A Scottish t

considerable acutene

was a doctor in great renown, both at Oxford a

OST?TE (d. 1253), the

of Bacon. Taught at

ries on

?). DE DIIS ET MU

id to be addressed to Robert of England. It has been translated and commented on hundreds of times. The Middle

A writer o

. Wrote an account

HIST

c. 600). Comme

nedictine, Abbot of Re

authors o

ORNUBIE

26 B.C.). Most cel

(70-1

0). Lectured at Paris,

NAT

iter on Medicine, and

is that given at the end of t

IOGR

n Ed

ce Printe

1485 Feb. 14 Strassburg Press xv. HC *2507 3130 1874 1488 May 23 Heidelberg Press i. H 2508 .. .. 1488 Strassburg (Panzer I 36, 139) HC *2509 665 1875 1491 Aug. 11 Strassburg Press xv. HC *2510 2073 1876 1492 June 20 Nürnberg Koberger H 2511 .. .. 1495 Strassburg (Panzer I 52, 286) HC *2498 1105 1865 n.d. K?ln Press viii. [circ 1473]

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OS

, n.,

rt., punning,

, n., a

p, n.,

part., a

prep.

a cupboard

dv., im

., serve

dj., injur

, adj.,

, v.,

n., a

n., foretho

h, v., t

, v.,

ng, n.,

prep.,

, adv.,

to flutter the wi

fl

he fruit of

conj., in

., embrac

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, v., adv

., to be

e, n.,

v., to

n., a

v., shrin

n lead, etc., from

tous, adj., thic

., to bud,

v., to

n., a

v.,

adv.,

rep.,

means or

, v.,

s, n.,

v., to

r, n.,

n., chi

, n., c

, v.,

, n.,

clew or ha

v., to

re one's food with

, v., c

re, n.,

, adv.,

r, n.,

irtle, a short

, adv.

., judgmen

, n., d

to separat

y, adv., co

adj., g

v., to scat

v., to p

an, n.

., dross,

v., t

dv., ot

, v.,

e, adv., o

, adv.

v., to

a., to

an undre

n.,

n., a

float, to swim

a flow,

rail, spoor

v.,

j., vaporo

ty, n.

t, n., f

j., noble,

cords for fastenin

n.,

, adj.,

a., m

. a., t

adj.,

ent on Scripture, c

from the

ny glutinou

v.,

, v.,

ng, n.,

r, n.

v.,

n., c

hirds,

part.,

raighten out lint

to cover;

v., i

dj., fe

seed case of

dj., unplea

nd, n.,

rt., hove

part.,

j., spotte

t, n., un

v., to

v.,

n.,

, natural; a

s connecting the for

to stay it

., a kind

, pastu

, n., u

., to

adj.,

, adv.

d, n., re

strument; cf.,

limb by limb;

, a limi

an, n.

v., to

n.,

j., manner

n., an i

intermed

to asser

, v.,

, domestic

adj., f

leprosy Mes

r, n.,

measure,

a place in which ha

p

, n., ge

v., to

have been used only

shewer" being used

v., to ta

adj., es

con., ne

con.

adj., ne

, n.,

adj.

, adj.

silly, sma

adv.,

con.,

j., noxiou

g, n.

dj., ordere

l, adv.,

dj., crossed

adj., s

a plate or p

dj., put

., dust o

e used for candlest

., indecompos

.a., to

h, v, s

.i., to co

dj., nimb

adj., (haw

v., to

wking}, the call

ocess in which vineg

and again suffe

n., a

to rush

o loosen, weak

n., sal

ten with a "rib,"

., the b

violent, rob

, adj.,

v., wrinkl

separated fr

, n.,

adj., s

, steadfa

, adj.,

., sparing,

, v.,

adv.,

v., to

, adj., s

s, n., p

adj.,

., a look

oofing, brushwood

ch, n.,

., shorn (

j., bitter

lessed, hence

mp

n., a

to do anyth

, v.,

adj.,

., an up

., celebrat

, adv.,

me, ad

, n.,

connecting the for

impede its

od, n.,

each, n.

adj., s

v., t

art., leapin

v., t

adj.,

, adj.,

, adj.,

v., t

adj., in

, n.,

, adj.,

y, l

v., to

n., t

prep.,

v., to

to believe

y, adj.

, adv.

sh, adj

adj.,

adj.

n.,

e, n.,

adv.,

, consid

, blemi

adj.,

adj.,

n., a s

v., to

wicket-gate cf

dj., of s

ense; cf "ou

adj., s

adj.,

, adv.,

j., craz

s, n.,

, n.,

, reverence

n., the

v.,

j., injur

n., r

v., to

r, n.,