and E

nd Herze

sia

ia

na

and Ko

lusi

ex

WOMAN'S RIG

PTE

MANIC C

rotestant religion, which does not oppose the demands of the woman's rights movement with the same united organization as does the Catholic Church; the more vigorous training in self-reliance and responsibility which is customarily given to women in Germanic-Protestant countries

D STATES

ulation:

bout 45,

out 47,

ederation of

ican Woman's Suff

ependence of the colonies against England (1774-1783) that matured the woman's ri

of the United States was being drawn up at that time, and by 1789 had been ratified by the thirteen states then existing. In nine of these states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North and South Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Rh

d active citizens. So woman's right to vote in the above-named states was practically established before 1783. Only the states of Virginia

re, it left the conditions of suffrage to be determined by the individual states. To be sure, in the draft of the Constitution the Convention in no way opposed woman's suffrage. But the nine states which formerly, as colonies, had practically given women

the very beginning. Since then the American women have labored untiringly for their political emanci

e struggling for the recognition of their "human rights," they were amongst the most zealous op

nd woman had the same rights in all respects in the home and church. When the first ant

lly, who at that time was one of the best anti-slavery speakers, a sermon was preached from the pulpit from the text: "This Jezebel has come into the midst of us." She was called a "hyena"; it was related that she had been intoxicated in a saloon, etc. When her political associate, Angelina Grimke, held an anti-slavery meet

st woman. To them she was a "human being of the seco

"If you regard me as incompetent, then I shall leave." "Oh, no, not exactly that," was the ans

came as delegates of the "National Anti-slavery Society." Since the Congress was dominated by the English clergy, who persisted in their belief in the "inferiority" of woman, the three American women, being creatures without political rights, were not

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton came from the gallery to the hotel Mrs. Stanton said, "The f

giving an account of the meeting at Washington, in 1888, at the Conference of Pioneers of the International Council of Women (see Report, pp. 323, 324), she states that she and Lucretia Mott had drawn up the grievances o

on, "not a single paper from Maine to Louisiana which did not contain our Declaration of Independence and present the matter as ludicrous. My good father came from New York on the night train to see whether I had lost my mind. I was overwhelmed with ridicule. A great number of women who signed th

viding for the regulation of the sale of alcohol, which was presented to the New York State Legislature. Susan B. Anthony was in the gallery during the discussion of the petition, and as she saw how one speaker scornfully threw the petition to the floor and exclaimed, "Who is it that demands such laws? They are only women and children...," she vowed to herself that she would not rest content until a woman's signature to a petition should have

Revolution of 1848, were compelled to seek new homes in America. These newcomers gave an impetus to the woman's suffrage movem

ted in 1863, were given political rights throughout the Union by the addition of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal Co

o any woman, be she ever so highly educated; and they expressed their indignation in a picture portraying the American woman and her political ass

s and influential woman's clubs (with almost a million members) and among college women the College Equal Suffrage League, the movement extending even into the secondary schools. The National Trades Union League, the American Federation of Labor, and nineteen state Federations of Labor have declared themsel

tes ... do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." Women are doubtlessl

more perfect union of th

ablishment

ce of domestic

ision of co

ion of the ge

essings of liberty to our

uch as men. Supplementary to this is the "Declaration o

men are cre

certain inalienable Rights, that among these a

overnments are instituted among men, deriving the

e government cannot justly take it from them, cannot even grant it to them justly. So long as the government does not ask the women for their consent, it is acting

rgument against woman's suffrage. For this purpose they frequently use small four-page pamphlets, which are issued

s married, loved,

stays at home

oman has sm

red political rights, will plunge into

t state of affair

ivelihood. Thousands have no other home than the one they create for themselves, and they must often support

ern themselves with political matters without being missed at all. And such men, seco

e that the mother, instead of participating in political affairs, prefers to sew flannel shirts for the h

n. If she wished to leave the home as her sphere of acti

s for woman's suffrage always have a greater number of signatures than any other petitions to Congress. 2. Women will use the right to vote only to a limited extent. The statistics in Wyoming and Colorado prove the contrary.

tes and 4 territories). 2. Through the adoption of a sixteenth amendment to the national Constitution by Congress.[6] Let us consider the first method. The franchise qualificat

ge bill is not received favorably; the Republicans and Democrats struggle for control of the legislature, the majority one way or the other never being large. Therefore the party leaders usually consider woman's suffrage not on the basis of party politics. Matters are decided on the basis of opportuneness. Especially is this the case i

qually great; the amendment must pass the House of Representatives and the Senate by a two-thirds v

ivileges of the government who assist in bearing its burdens"; and he was in favor of "admitting all whites to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or bear arms (by no means excluding females)." Garfield, Hayes, and Cleveland gave their attention to the question of woman's suffrage; the las

strations, the distribution of pamphlets, deputations to the legislatures of the individual states and to the Congressional House of Representatives, the organization of work

n 1869 and 1870, respectively, when they were still territories; and in 1890 and 1895, when they were given statehood, they retained woman's suffrage. Colorado granted it in 1893 and Idaho in 1896. The political emancipation of woman in the State of Washington is close at hand,[8] in South Dak

, who are now trained in political affairs. A comparison of the salaries of women teachers having woman's suffrage with salaries in states not having woman's suffrage shows the value of the ballot. The public finances have been more economically administered, intemperance and immorality have been more energetically combated, candidates with immoral records have been remo

ffiliations they secured the re?lection of Judge Lindsey of the Juvenile Court. Generally speaking, they have devoted their efforts everywhere to the protection of youth. At the present t

to produce one convincing proof for her assertion. She herself had carefully investigated the recent elections in Denver, Colorado, to ascertain how many, if any, of the "immoral" women voted, and received as answer that these women, who naturally are in a minority, generally do not

the women have organized clubs in all cities, even in the lonely mining towns (Colorado is in the Rocky Mountains), and have informed themselves in political affairs to the best of their ability. In the capital city, Denver, a club has been formed in which busy women can meet weekly to inform themselves on political affairs. In Colorado parental authority over children prevails now (in place of the exclusively paternal). In Idaho (with woman's suffrage since 1896) the women voters exerted a strong influence against gambling. The enfranchised women, who had a right to vote in the little town of Caldwell, had supported a mayor who was determined to take measures against gambling.

out of 23,000). "In Boise, Idaho, it was one of the quietest election days in the annals of the city. Everywhere the women came to the polls in the early part of the day." "In Salt Lake

these occasions the women presented their demands in the so-called "hearings" (which take place before the legislature). This took place in 1908 in Rhode Island, Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois, South Dakota, Kansas, Oklahoma[14], Maine, Massachusetts, California, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, and Washington. In the latter state the House has just passed a woman's suffrage amendment; if the S

nt is the Reverend Anna Shaw. This Association has recently drawn up an enormous petition to Congress in order to secure woman's suffrage through federal law, and has est

. Alva Adams, alluded to her as "a bright, efficient woman," who has introduced many bills and secured their passage. For, says the governor, "it must be a pretty miserable law which a tactful woman cannot have enacted, since the male legislators

pers, the habitual drunkards, and the women of the upper classes. But the American women believe "that if every prayer, every tear c

coeducational college, was opened with the express purpose "of giving all the privileges of higher education to the unjustly condemned and neglected sex." Among the first women students was the youthful woman's rights advocate, Lucy Stone. She wished to learn Greek and Hebrew, for she was convinced that the Biblical passage, "and he shall rule over thee," had not been correctly translated by the men. In 1865 with the founding of Vassar College, the first woman's college was established. To-day both sexes have the same educational opportunities in the United States. The four oldest universities (Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Johns Hopkins), established on the English model, still exclude women, and do not grant them academic degrees. However, the latter point is of comparatively minor importance in its relation to the educational opportunities of women. Most of the western universities are coeducational; in the East there are special woman's colleges. In

order to control her teaching force; she must possess a deep insight into human nature in order that her educational relations with the public may be successful; she m

cademic honors and prizes to the exclusion of the men. Since they can no longer be excluded on the ground of their inferiority, their superiority is now the pretext for their exclusion. But a suspension of coeducation in the United States is not to be considere

recognized, and women were given the right to vote on school affairs not only in the five woman's suffrage states [Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Idaho, and Kansas], but also in twenty-three other states, in which women are without political rights in other respects. The

om 1872 to 1900 the number of women students has increased 148.7 per cent (while the number of men students increased 60.6 per cent). Among women there are also fewer illiterates, drunkards

in twenty-three states they may plead in the Supreme Court

ity of Portland a woman was appointed as inspector of markets with police power. Women justices of the peace are

Besides these states only Illinois permits women t

r writings are often sensational, but in the United Sta

themselves either to the real calling of the ministry, social rescue work, or to the woman's rights propaganda, as does the excellent speaker, the Reverend Anna Shaw. The women preachers who devote t

in 1851 to New York, in order to practice. Her first patients were Quakers. Elizabeth Blackwell and her sister Emily (Blackwell) then founded in New York the "Hospital for Indigent Women," to which the medical schools in Boston and Philadelphia sent their graduates to obtain practical work.[20] A large number of women lawyers, preacher

supervision. It is not unusual for women who are owners of business enterprises to take technical courses. Thus Miss Jones, as her father's heir, became, after a careful education, manageress of her

, contractors, owners or managers of factories, shareholders, stock-brokers, and commercial travelers. About 1000 women are now engaged in these occupations. As office clerks women have stood the test well in the United States. They are esteemed f

14,692, of whom 8474 were postal, telephone, and telegraph clerks, and 300 were p

n opportunity to do the better class of work,-frequently because they have not learned their trade thoroughly. A further cause for the lower wages of women is that they are working for "pocket-money" and "incidentals," and thus spoil the market for those who must pay their whole living expenses with what they earn. Among the women workers of the United States there a

oughly sound aspiration. These girls become factory employees and not domestic servants, (1) because work in their own home is not paid for (the general disregard of housework drives the women striving for independence away from the house); (2) because

why the girls of these classes, in imitation of the bad example set them by the members of the upper ranks of society, manifest such an extraordinary taste for costly clothes and expensive pleasures. In 1888, an official inquiry showed that 95 per cent of the women laborers lived at home; in 1891 another official inquiry showed that one third of the women laborers

so unable to maintain its vocation against a laboring class possessing political rights; if the vocation is remunerative the unfree class will be deprived of it or be kept from it altogether. The oppression of the workingwomen has its effect also on men through its tendency to lower wages. Therefore at the present time the trades-unions have recognized that to organize women is in the interests of all workingmen, and while the women were refused organization forty years ago, the Federation of Labor is to-day paying trades-union organizers to induce women to become members of trades-unions. The introduction of a low rate of wages in one branch of a trad

pared with workingmen, and this decreases their importance as human beings. Women cannot

nto the world. The women declared in the Woman's Journal that it is wrong to encourage an immoderate procreation of children among a population 70 per cent of which possesses no property.[23

the North and Central States are better, and the moral menaces to the young girl are inconsiderable. The women of the property-holding classes are attempting to do their duty toward the women of the factories and stores by founding clubs, vacation colonies, and homes for them. Within recent years the great department stores have appointed "social secretaries," who look after the weal and woe of the employee

rious regions, and have cultivated the famous asparagus of Oyster Bay and the "Improved New York Strawberries." In 1900, there were 980,025 women engaged in agriculture (as compared with 9,458,194 men). The number of women domestic servants in the United States amounts to 2,099,165; fifty

tly that in 38 states the property laws made "joint property holding" legal, as a result of which the wife has no independent control of her personal earnings or her personal effects, e.g. her clothes. In 38 states the wife also has no legal authority over her children. F

lic opinion has successfully resisted all similar attempts. (Woman's Journal, July, 1904.) The American Commission, which went to Europe to study the regulation of prostitution, declared that the American woman cannot be expected to sanct

men and women who are thoroughly convinced that there is only one standard of morality for both sexes, since they have the

. The Union has 300,000 members in the United States at the present time, and 450,000 members in the whole world. In 1906 it met in Boston. It is the determined enemy of alcohol, and gives proof of its convictions thro

the divided skirt. In these costumes they play basketball, polo, tennis, and take gymnastic exercise, fence, and row. The woman's colleges are centers of athletic life. There the girls now play football in mal

omen. Women act as jurors. They have the same right of inheritance as men. Divorce is granted to either party under the same circumstances. The claims of the wife and the children under age are given a decided preference over those of creditors. Education from the kindergarten to the university is free and is open to women. The labor of women in mines is prohibited. The maximum working-day for women is eight hours. All houses of correction and

ie Poster held before the Political Equality League in Chicago, after the women of

now been demonstrated that whoever possesses the right to vote is esteemed more highly than he who does not have that right. We see this in the woman's suffrage states; here the women have made provisions not only for themselves, but for the children as well, for it is one of the fundamental ins

ties in the one who provides for the family, has created exceedingly peculiar customs and a wholly absurd code of honor for both man and woman. Thereby woman is directed to a roundabout way for everything she wishes to obtain. Whatever she wishes for herself must appear as a domestic virtue, if possible as a sacrifice for the family. Man thinks it very natural that he should do what he desires, that he should pursue his pleasures and gratify his passions, for he is indeed the one who possesses authority and does not need first to stamp his wishes as virtues. But it seems just as natural to him that the women of the family should be endowed with a double portion of piety, economy

RALI

ulation:

: 2,1

2,389

omen's clubs in eac

Political Association,

federation of republics is among the countries that have made the greatest progress in the woman's rights movement. In no other part of the

ia all the conditions necessary for the growth of a flourishing and highly civilized commonwealth. Nevertheless, such was the case. There were formed seven democratic states, whose people were not bound by any traditionalism or excessive fondness for time-honored, inherited customs; these people wished to have elbowroom and were determined to establish thems

y with the problem of dealing with congested masses of people, a condition which is favorable to all social expe

olonies possess conditions similar to those prevailing in the western states of the American Union, and the results of the woman's rights movement are in both regions approximately the same

s not oppressed with militarism; a country which judges a man by his personal ability and esteems him for what he is, such a country certainly could not tolerate the dogma of woman's inferiority. Between 1871 and 1880, the school systems of the various colonies were regulated by a series of laws. Elementary instruction, which is free and obligatory, is given in public schools to children of both sexes between the ages of five and fifteen, but in most cases the sexes are segregated. In

ide (South Australia), and Aukland (New Zealand)-are to-day open to women, who can sec

in Melbourne, 853 (of whom 128 are women). The total number of students in Adelaide and Hobart is 626 and 62 respectively, but the number of women student

ne, law, technical science, and a teaching career in the universities. The state employs women in the elementary schools; in the postal and telegraph service; as registrars (permitting them to perform marriage ceremonies); and as factory inspectors. But the salaries and wages in Australia are not always the same for both sexes. Thus, for example, in South Australia the male head masters of the public schools draw salaries of 110 to 450 pounds sterling, while the women draw 80 to 156 pounds sterling. Since school affairs are not affairs und

official representative of the Australian government at the In

men); industry, 75,570 women (350,596 men); agriculture and forestry, fisheries, and mining, 38,944 women (494,163 men). In all fields, with the exception of domestic service, the men are in a numerical superiority; therefore the matrimonial opportunities of the Australian woman are f

land, South Australia, and New South Wales) have enacte

rking time-48

of night work (ex

wages fo

en under thirteen years cannot be employed in the factories. Socialistic regulations, such as fixing the minimum wages in certain industr

difications. Each colony acted independently in the matter, and therefore there is no longer uniformity. In all cases separate ownership of property i

both state and municipal elections. (There is a property qualification only for those voting for the Senate.) In 1869 the woman's suffrage movement began in Australia (in Victoria). The right to vote in school and municipal affairs was given to w

s established. The women of all of the six colonies voted for the parliamentary officers on an equality with men. Here was a curious thin

ffairs. For the time being this attempt likewise met with failure. But the political organization of the women was strengthened through the formation of the "United Council for Woman's Suffrage." Every year after 1895 this Council gave advice to the Lower House concerning the framing of woman's suffrage bills, and thus enlarged its influence. Hitherto the passing of the suffrage bill had been prevented by the opposition of the Upper House (which was not chosen by universal suffrage). On November 18, 1908, the bill was finally passed by

suffrage. Such, for example, was Mrs. Seddon, the wife of the Prime Minister of New Zealand. She said: "It seemed to me that the women ought to remain away from the tumult and riotous scenes of the polling booth

ing of the success of his candidate. The fear that the women would vote largely for Conservative candidates, through the influence of the clergy, was not realized. Already the women have twice contributed to the re?lection of a Liberal minister. Neither the Protestant nor the Catholic clergy endeavored to influence the votes of the women anywhere." The

t to vote in New Zealand the follow

o the wife and to the hus

ive the wife and children of thei

n municipal elections were made

are closed on

mitted to the p

nsent for girls

Minister, the Minister of Public Instruction, and the Lord Mayor gave Mrs. Lee an impressive reception in the town hall; they thanked her for the untiring efforts which she had devoted to the cause, and the Prime Minister

orms have been effected by th

he wife and children if his brutality leads to a divorce). An enlarge

aw compelling the father of illicit ch

nalty for traff

ng of the age o

viding for the care

ek of 52 hours for chil

ppressing

he sale of liquor and

positions of inspectors of sc

the age of consent was raised to 17 years; and the conditions on which divorce are granted were made

troduced; New South Wales adopted a very stringent law regulating the sale of liquor (local option; no b

uffrage leagues, woman's trade-unions, temperance societies, woman's church clubs, and other organizations. For the present the women will not ally themselves with any of the existing parties, since the principles of

that the legal provisions for naturalization permit woman to retain her right of self-government and her individuality. The government wi

rage, but not in all cases the passive. Wherever they

they can work more effectively and achieve more

ty programmes very frequently

cial advantage from the women, and it is difficult to secure t

ns also cost money, and the capab

feated. In the federal elections of 1906 on an average 58.36 per cent of the registered men

n the practical workings of woman's suffrage. These men are prime ministers of the colonies, public prosecutors, the ministers of the various state departments, members of the lo

s and clean politicians." "Woman's suffrage has brought about neither the millennium nor pandemonium," and the New Zealanders do not und

ffrage must first study these two books of testimonials. A mere knowledge o

; for the sake of their political rights they neglect their "specifically feminine" duties so little that they come to the parliamentary sessions with knitting, embroidery, and sewing. They also engage in these feminine activities while attending the night sessions. On elec

T BR

ulation:

21,44

20,16

ration of Wo

Suffrage

fragettes-whether one favors or opposes their actions-have made Great Britain the center of the modern woman's rights movement. England is a European country, an old country with rigid traditions, which, nevertheless, are the freest political traditions that we have in Europe to-day. For fifty years the English women have struggled for

erican commonwealths previous to 1783. This parity of circumstances is explained by the English principle of representation: no taxation without representation. In 1832 and 1835, however, the English women, who as taxpayers were qualified to vote, had the right to vote in national and municipal affairs taken from them; for the word "persons" the expre

a small leaflet and says among other things, "As long as both sexes and all parties are not given a just representation, good government is impossible" (which is a paraphrase of the American principle-every just government derives its powers from the consent of the governed). The contrary view had been stated in the Encyclop?dia Britannica as early as 1842 by the father of John Stuart Mill: "It is self-evident that all persons whose interests are identical with those of a different class are excluded from political represent

000 men and women) were sent to the House of Commons; and on May 20, 1867, John Stuart Mill, after he had presented the petitions, moved that the right to vote be given to the qualified women taxpayers. His motion was rejected by a vote of 196 to 73. Thereupon there were formed for systematic propaganda, woman's suffrage societies in London, Edinburgh, Manchester, Birmingham, and Bristol; these cities are still the center of the movement. The new election law gave women a further advantage-the expression male person was replaced with the generic word "man."[33] Since an Act of Parliament (13 and 14 Vict., c. 21) declares that in all laws the masculine expression also includes the feminine, unless the contrary is expressly stated, the friends of woman's suffra

the cause of woman's suffrage. A "Central Committee for Woman's Suffrage" was formed, and a number of excellent women speakers (Biggs, Maclaren, Becker, Fawcett, Craigen, Kingsle

aigns; and in 1887 was formed the "Women's Liberal Federation," which supported the Liberals in a similar manner. The next attempt to secure woman's suffrage was made in 1897, but it was unsuccessful. During the Boer War woman's suffrage receded into the background, and not until March 14, 1904, was a woman's suffrage bill again introduced; this bill did not become law. At that time the woman's suffrage movement was lifeless, and in a thoroughly hopeless condition. All the usual means of propaganda had been exhausted,-meetings, petitions, and personal work during campaigns made no impressions either on the members of Parliament, the government, or on public opinion. It was no longer possible to educe argum

905 England has had a Liberal Cabinet, and several of the ministers and over 400 of the 600 members of the House of Commons have

Parliament owe their political careers, their election, and their influence to the practical campaign activities of women or to the woman's suffrage movement, which they supported in order to enlarge their political influence. They have made use of the woman's suffrage movement and now wish to do nothing in return. The fate

ffragettes have declared war. It is their determination to fight ever

ant are those of June 13 and 21, 1908); the employment of first-class speakers, who make concise, clear, ingenious, and stirring speeches; the raising of large sums of

t determined of their associates undertake to send deputations to the Liberal Prime Minister, Mr. Asquith, and to ask

entering the Houses of Parliament by strong squads of police, both mounted and on foot; and if the women do not desist from their attempt to make known to the Prime Minister the resolutions of their meeting, they are arrested for the disturbance of the peace, the inter

do nothing for us? The members of the English Cabinet have a joint responsibility for their political programme. If the friends of woman's suffrage treat the matter seriously, they must either convert their colleagues or resi

e present this has occurred in fourteen cases. It is due to the success of these tactics that the whole world is to-day speaking about woman's suffrage, which has become a burning political question in England. All along the

's Freedom League (Mrs. Despard), The Men's League for Woman's Suffrage, The Artists' Suffrage League, The Conservative and Unionist Women's Fra

that woman does not need the right to vote since she exercises an "enormous indirect influence"; that woman does not wish the right to vote; that her subordination is based on natural law since brute fo

which soon came to an inglorious end. She emphasized the fact that the two important women, who at that time still favored the antisuffrage movement,-Mrs. Louise Creighton and Mrs. Sidney Webb,-have since gone over to the suf

omen,-in short, the intellectual and professional women are in favor of the suffragettes; and the woman's suffrage advocates have "the spiritual certainty" that moves mountains. Let no one believe that the appeals made on the streets, the parades of the women as sandwich-men, or th

1869 in respect to the offices of guardians of the poor, overseers, waywardens, churchwardens,-and since 1870 (Education Act) in respect to school boards.[40] At the very first school elections women were elected, which induced women to have themselves presented also as candidates for the offices of poor-law administrators. In 1875 the first unmarried woman was elected to that office, the first married woman in 1881. In the discharge of their duties in both classes of offices the women have acted admirably. Nevertheless, the reactionary Education Act of June, 1903, took away from the women the right to hold office as members of school boards in the County of London. They can still secure administrative offices by governmental appointment, but no longer by an election. In 1888 were created th

gibility of women (unmarried and married) to hold the minor local offices (parish, urban, rural district councillors, poor-law guardians, etc.). Article 22, howeve

to the metropolitan borough councils (for London only)[4

ions under this act twelve women presented themselves as candidates; six were elected (one as mayor); hitherto the women had been elected only in small places, and then owing to exceptional circumstances. Whoever investigates the struggle of the women to secure their rights in the local government and studies the attitude o

rol over her earnings. The remainder of the laws regulating marriage are still rather rigorous,-in England at least; the wife has no hereditary right to her husband's property. If she economizes in the administration of the household, the savings belong to the husband. Th

t necessary for the English women to wrest every concession from a reluctant government (as was the case in Germany); but private initiative, combined with the devotion of private individuals, made possible in a few years the full reorganization of England's institutions of learning for girls. This reorganization began in 1868 and led to the following results: the establishment of higher institutions of learning in all English cities (these are called girls' public day schools, most of them being day schools. They are governed by co

men's colleges of Girton and Newnham. Since then, St. Margaret's Hall, Somersville Hall, and Holloway College have been established for women. These institutions correspond to the German philosophical faculties [the colleges of literature and liberal arts in the United States]. An entrance examination is necessary for admission. The course of study is three years. The final examination, called "tripos," embraces three subjects; it corresponds

, or Doctor of Philosophy. These examinations are accepted by Oxford and Cambridge universities, but the women are not granted the corresponding titles, because the use of such titles would make the women Fellows of the University, which would entitle them to the use of

Dr. Anstie. As early as 1870 there was formed in London a special School of Medicine for women, to which a hospital for women was later attached, being directed and supported entirely by women physicians. To-day, 553 women doctors are practicing in Great Britain. Of these 538 have expressed themselves in favor of, and 15 against, woman's suffrage. In England, women were first permitted to take the public examination in dental surgery as late as 1908; while the Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Irish Royal Colleges of Surgeons had admitted them long before. W

in Leicester she was elected in preference to her male competitors. Later she accepted a call to Chicago. The Congregationalists have four women preachers; the Salvation Army over 3000. Except in those callings where personal ability is determinative, the salaries of English women are lower than those of the men. The women have a large field for their efforts in the public schools (where there a

spector-general is paid 1000 pounds sterling annually, the woman inspector-general 500 pounds. In the secondary schools there are 20 male inspectors and 3 women inspectors with annual salaries of 400 to 800 pounds, and 300 pounds

ngs a week, while the women are paid 14 shillings; the men increase their salaries to 62 shillings a week; the women to 30 shillings. The male telegraph operator begins with 18 shillings and is finally given 65 shillings a week; the woman telegraph operator begins with 16 and reaches 40 shillings. The male clerks of the second division of

own, in which fine confections are produced,-in many cases by destitute, nervous, and overworked women music teachers. Women are active as bookbinders, stockbrokers, bills of exchange agents, auditors,

exceptional demands are made as to attractive dress and appearance. The women have organized the Shop Assistants' Union. For women with this weekly wage the securing of good rooms and board at a reasonable price is a vital question. There are three apartment houses for workingwomen,-the Sloane Garden Houses, and the apartments for women in Chenies Street and in York Street. Women teachers, designers, artists, bookkeepers, cashiers, secretaries and stenographers obtain room and board here at varying rates. There are bedrooms (with two beds) for 4? to 5 shillings a week for each person, furnished rooms for 10 to 14 shillings. The dining room is a restaurant. Only the evening meal, dinner (served

vegetables, and fruits. The councils of London, Berkshire, Essex, and Kent counties support the Horticultural College for women in Swanley, Kent, which was founded privately by wealthy and influential persons. In England 100,000 women are engaged in agriculture. The demand for trained women gardeners to-day still exceeds the supply. Trained women gardeners are frequently engaged for a long term of years

for Women, founded by Lady Warwick, aids the women agriculturists and finds positions for the pupils. In Great Britain there are eight public sch

pauperization to a certain extent. It produces the army of unskilled laborers, the victims of the sweating system, who in a destitute condition are left to eke out their wretched existence in the "East Ends" of the large cities. There is no corresponding misery in the country districts. A marked industrialization therefore causes a degree of general pauperism such as is unknown in the agricultural regions of western Europe. The pursuit of gardening among women has a social

e

A WEE

L. A

ndustry

ndustry

dustry

s Industry

dustry 2

stry 21.7

elsewhere (there being 96,000), there existed in 1906 the precedin

illings are common. Naturally, the workingwoman who is all alone in the world cannot exist on such a sum. In one industry only the women are given the same pay as the men for doing the same work,-this is the textile industry in Lancashire. Since 1847 this industry has been protected by a law prohibiting night work for women. In this industry men and women laborers are organized in the same trade-union. The standard of living of the whole body of workers is very high. There can be no doubt that the legislation for the protection of the laborers of this industry, in which the exploitation of women and children had been carried to the extreme previous to 1847, has caused the raising of the general standard of living. Without the intervention of law, exploitation would have been pu

orable to an overwhelming majority of workingwomen. It protects them against a degree of exploitation that they could not resist unaided because the majority of them are not organized, and have no power to organize themselves; they will secure this power only through

t sufficiently dextrous or because their labor is too expensive. What employer will pay a man 20 to 30 shillings a week wh

n's suffrage in Parliament in 1904, a deputation of workingwomen from the potteries in Staffordshire presented the members of Parliament from that district with a petition having 4000 signatures, requesting the introduction of a woman's suffrage bill, so that women might not continue to be excluded from all well-paid positions on account of their political inferiority. On this occasion the Hon. Mr. A. L. Emmott (member of P

e absence of historical obstacles has a conciliating influence everywhere in these countries. In England, where history, monarchy, and traditional class antagonism seem to give socialism favorable conditions of growth, socialism has for a long time been hampered by the trade-unions. In other words, the English workingmen, the first to organize in Europe, had already improved their condition greatly when the socialistic propaganda commenced in England. In thei

-clubs and homes for working girls, and the London "College for Working Women,"-institutions such as we on the continent know o

b Union Magazine. Members of such clubs (including those outside London) have formed themselves into a union. The members of the committee-composed of wealthy and influential women-concern themselves personally with the affairs of the clubs, giving not only their money, but their time and influence. The "College for Working Women" has existed in Fitzroy Square for more than 25 years. Here are taught English, French, history, geography, drawing,

eps to secure the training of educated women for the nursing profession, in which the English nurse has been the model. The most important Training College for nurses not connected with religious orders is in Henrietta Street, in Lond

eliberated on by a commission having no midwife as a member. The superintendent of the

against the slums. This work is at present continued in London by 31 or more women sanitary officers. They supplement the work of the factory inspec

. Their wages are wretchedly low. The government, which pays the men of the Woolwich Arsenal trade-union wages, is one of the worst exploiters of women (who

0 persons 516 were women (in 1841, only 511 were women). The longevity of women is higher than that of men (47.77 to 44.13). When the old age pensions were introduced, 135 women to every 100 men applied for aid. Only half of the adult women (5,700,000) are provided for through marriage, and then only for

d women to fill honorary posts in the municipal administration of the poor-law. At the pre

ches the recipient. Still, among 22,000 guardians of the poor the number of women hardly reaches 1000. The old prejudice against women as

al and economic power as consumers. Women are the chief purchasers, as they purchase the housekeeping supplies. It is to their interest to purchase through the co?perative associations that exclude the middlemen, and at the end of the year pay a dividend to the members of the associations. These associations can exercise an important social influence inasmuch as they create model conditions of labor for their employees (s

whereupon legal and medical measures were taken to curb the evil. The most effective

decrease the death rate among children, the establishment of schools for mothers is the best. During the course of instruction the young married women were recommended to organize mothers' clubs in o

Nothing made such an impression as the public appearance of a woman on behalf of the repeal of this measure concerning women. In spite of all scorn, all feigned and frequently malicious pretensions not to comprehend her, in spite of all attempts, frequently brutal, to browbeat her,-Josephine Butler from 1870 to 1886 unswervingly supported the view that the regulation was to b

old countries than in new. Traditions are deeply rooted, customs are firmly established, the whole weight of the past is bl

NA

ulation:

: 2,6

2,751

eration of W

an's Suffrag

kept in subordinate positions, partly because, in order to find work at all, she must offer her services for less money. Even when teaching, or doing piecework, woman is paid less than man. In Canada there is as yet no political woman's rights movement strong enough to rectify this injustice by means of organizations and laws as has been done in Australia. As yet there are no women preachers in Canada. Women lawyers are confronted both with popular prejudice and legal obstacles. The study and practice of medicine is made very difficult for women, especially in Quebec and Montreal. In New Brunswick and Ontario as well as in the northwest provinces there is a more liberal attitude toward women's pursuit of higher education. No Canadian university exc

clubs, debating clubs, etc. The intellectual élite is to-day in favor of woman's suffrage. In 1907 the Canadian Woman's Suffrage Association, supported by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the Women Teachers, the Medical Alumn?, the Progressive Thought Association, the Toronto Local Council of Women, and the Progressive Club, sent a delegation to the Mayor and Council of the city of Toronto to express their support of a resolution

the country (Halifax, Nova Scotia; St. John, New Brunswick). Woman's

up first, then the Dominion Parliament can consider it. In the spring of 1909 the City Council of Toronto sent a petition favoring woman's suffrage to the Canadian Parliament, and at the same

H AF

d Cape C

ulation:

nsv

ulation:

Association for a

presented the matter in the form of a motion, it was not put to a vote, owing to the newness of the subject. The agricultural population opposes woman's suffrage; the urban population favors it. The woman's rights movement is made difficult in South Africa by the following circumstances: An enervating climate "that makes people languidly content with things

of Natal, Cape Colony, and the Transvaal have formed an association and have joined the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance. In Natal and Cape Colony women taxpayers exercise the right to vote in municipal affa

DINAVIAN

ed

ulation:

: 2,7

2,626

nl

ulation:

: 1,3

1,342

rw

ulation:

: 1,1

1,085

nm

ulation:

: 1,3

1,257

er since they are so closely connected by race and culture;

nly from reading C?sar or Tacitus. An external factor in hastening the solution of the question of woman's rights was the very unusual numerical superiority of women. The foreign wars, which took the majority of the men away from home for long periods of time,-first in the Middle Ages, and then again in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,-and the fact that the Scandinavian countries themselves were affl

ED

ulation:

: 2,7

2,626

ciation of W

Suffrage

election of ministers. In 1843 this right had been extended to all women taxpayers. In 1845 the daughter's right of inheritance had been made equal to that of the son's. In 1853 was begun the custom of appointing women teachers in the small rural schools; in 1859 women were admitted as teachers in all public institutions of learning. Since 1861 women have been eligible as dentists, regimental surgeons, and organists (but not as preachers). In 1862 every unmarried woman or widow over twenty-one years of age, and paying a tax of 500 crowns (about $135), was granted active suffrage in muni

raph service. In peculiar contrast to these reforms are the old regulations concerning the guardianship of women,[57] which has bee

made little use of their right to vote (in 1887, of 62,362 women having the right to vote only 4844 voted). Thanks to the propaganda of this association, participation in elections is to-day quite general. The introduction of coeducation in the secondary schools is also due to the activity of this association, supported by Professor Wallis, who had inve

oor-law administration. To the baroness is due also the revival of needlework as an applied art, as well as the revival of

inquiries, collects data, secures employment, organizes members of trades and professions, fixes minimum wages, organizes petitions, gives advice, offers leadership, gives stipends; in short, in

that of the men (in 1899 there were 9950 women as compared with 5322 men). The salaries of the women are everywhere lower than those

edish midwives are well trained. Nursing is a respected calling for educated wom

ee in 1883. Sonja Kowalewska was a professor in mathematics in the free Uni

yers and preachers. The legislative act of February, 1909, which secures for women their appointment in all state i

the agricultural laborers have risen 85 per cent for women and 65 per cent for men. There are 242,914 women engaged in agriculture, 57,053 in industry,-3400 of t

national educator. She is a supporter of the laws for the protection of women laborers, and on this point she has frequently met opposition among the woman's rights advocates of Sweden (

ars has grown very considerably, having over 10,000 members. In the autumn of 1906 a delegation from the society was received by the Prime Minister and the King, who, however, could hold out no promis

February 13, 1909, the Swedish males were granted universal suffrage (active and passive) in national elections; at the same time Parliament tried to appease the women by granting them the passive suffrage in municipal elections. In th

the Norwegian women have a

, police matrons were appointed to co?perate with the police regulating prostitution in Stockholm, Helsingborg, Trelleborg

ining to temperance. Not only these 77 papers, most of whose editors are Good Templars, but at least 13 other dailies refuse all advertisements of alcoholic l

NL

ulation:

: 1,3

1,342

f Finnish w

s suffrag

ll follow that of Sweden, for Finland was till 1809 poli

hrough private funds in all cities of the country. These institutions have received state aid since 1891. They are secondary schools, having the curriculums of German Realschulen and Gymnasiums.[61] Not only is the student body composed of boys and girls, but the direction and instruction in these schools are divided equally between women and men; thereby the predominance of the men is counteracted. Even before the establishment of these schools women had privately prepared themselves for the Abiturientenexamen

and women factory inspectors. Since 1864, women have been employed in the postal service; since 1869, in the telegraph service and in the railway offices. Here they

113,578. Perhaps one tenth of these were women,-engaged chiefly in the textile and paper industries, and in the manufacture of provisio

621 establishments employing 3205 women laborers): 97.7 per cent of the women were unmarried, and 2.3 per cent married; the minimum wages were

, schools for housewives were established in connection with the public high schools in the rural districts. In these schools were taught, in addition to domestic science and agriculture, various d

e has control of her earnings when joint property holding prevails. The unmarried women taxpayers and landowners have been voters in municipal elections since 1865. In the rural districts they have also had the right to hold local

parties, but most of them were adherents of the Old-Finnish party (having 6 representatives) and of the Socialist party (having 9 representatives). Ten of the women representatives were either married or were widows. They belonged quite as much to the cultured, property-owning class as to the masses. This Parliament was dissolved in April, 1908. In the new elections of July, 25 women were elected as representatives. Here again most of the elected women belong

mprovement of the legal status of illicit children, parental authority, the protection of maternity, the abolition of the husband's guardianship over the wife, th

litical emancipation of woman did not immediately effect her release from legal bondage. One of the Finnish wom

the right of suffrage, and widows and unmarried women possess the passive suffrage only in the election of poor-law administrators and school boards. Two woman's suffrage organizations-Unionen a

atisfactory, and for Finland, exceptional law. The law corresponding to the English Vagrancy Act (supplement to paragraph 45 of

ors in any form whatever was prohibited by law. In recent years the Finnish woman tem

esent made impossible the formation of Finnish wo

RW

ulation:

: 1,1

1,085

orwegian Wo

uffrage A

trymen; and, again like Frederika Bremer, she returned to her native land and could rejoice over the progress of the movement which she had instigated. In 1884 the Norwegian Woman's League was founded. It has since 1886 published a semimonthly woman's suffrage magazine, Nylaende. In 1887 the Norwegian woman's rights movement won the same victory that Mrs. Butler had won in England in 1886: the official regulation of prostitution was abolished (neither in Sweden nor in Denmark has a similar reform been secured thus far). As early as 1882 several university faculties had admitted women, and in 1884 women were given the legal right to secure an academic training, and they were declared eligible to receive all scholarships and

ince the passing of the law of 1904; in 1908 they succeeded in having the magistrate of Christiania raise the initial salary of women teachers in the elementary schools from 900 crowns ($241) to 1100 crowns ($295), and the maximum salary from 1

n in an open meeting in Christiania h

ators, supported by the Norwegian Woman's Suffrage Association, drew up a petition requesting the same concession as was made the women postal employees, and

rty qualification requires that a tax of 300 crowns ($80) must be paid in the rural districts, and 400 crowns ($107) in cities. In

hheld from the women. The separation of Sweden and Norway (1906), which concerned the women greatly, but in which they could exercise no voice, was a striking proof of woman's power

yers were granted active and passive suffrage in municipal elections (affecting about 300,000 women; 200,000 are still n

e Storthing with the requisite constitutional amendment (Article 52). The Storthing requested that before the next municipal elections (1910) the Ministry present a satisfactory bill providing for woman

nce (Amsterdam, in 1908; and London, in 1909), Norway was off

ysicians for the courts, as school physicians, as university assistants in museums and laboratories, and as sanitary officers. Since 1904 there have been two women lawyers. Cand. jur. Elisa Sam was the first woman to profit by this reform. The first woman university professor was Mrs. M

a woman to such a step,-the illicit father, the parents, the guardians, and employers, who desert a woman in such circumstances and put her out into the street. Since 1891, women

NM

ulation:

: 1,3

1,257

of Danish W

Suffrage

s movement did not come into being until twenty-five years later. A liberal parliamentary majority in Denmark abolished, in 1857, male guardianship over unmarried women; and in 1859 established the equal inheritance rights of daughters, thus following the example of Sweden and Norway. It was necessary first to secure the support of public opinion through a literary discussion of woman's rights. This was carried on between 1868 and 1880 by Georg Brandes, who translated John Stuart

1889 they have also filled the higher positions; there are in all 1500 women employees. The subordinate positions in the national and local administrations are to a certain extent open to them. The number of women engaged in industrial pursuits is 47,617; the number of domestic servants, 89,000. The domestic servants are organized only to a limited extent (800 being organized). The wom

paganda work. New woman's suffrage societies were organized, and the older societies were enlarged.[65] In the meantime the bill concerning municipal suffrage was being sent from one House to the other. Finally, on February 26, 1908, it was adopted by the Upper House, on April 14 by the Lower House, and on April 20 signed by the King. All taxpayers, twenty-five years of age, were permitted to vote. All classes of women-widows, u

the first time. In Reikiavik, the capital, 2850 people voted, 1220 of whom were women. Four women were elected to the city council, one polling the highest number of votes. In 1909, the Icelandi

n was abolished in Denmark; but a new law of similar

ETHER

ulation:

: 2,5

2,52

the Netherland

Suffrage

e among the lower classes. The marriage laws are based on the Code Napoleon, which, however, was considerably altered in 1838. The guardianship of the husband over the wife still prevails. According to paragraph 160 of the Civil Code the husband controls the personal property that the wife acquires; but he administers her real estate only with the wife's consent. According to paragraph 163 of the Civil Code the wife cannot give away, sell, mortgage, or acquir

. At that time a woman appeared in public for the first time as a speaker. She was the Cou

tter of course. Girls were admitted to the high schools also without any opposition. These measures were due to Minister Thorbecke. Thirty years ago the first woman registered at the University of Leyden. Women study and are granted degrees in all departments of the universities of Leyden, Utrecht, Gr?ningen, and Amsterdam. In the elementary, secondary, and higher institutions of learning, there are fewer women teachers than men, and the salary of the women teachers is lower. Women are now being appointed as science

have been factory inspectors; 2, prison superintendents; 2, superintendents of rural schools. Thirty-four are in the courts for the protection of wards. Women participate in the care of the poor and the care of dependent children. The care of dependent children is in

a national exhibition of commodities produced by women was held in the Hague. In a conspicuous place the women placed an empty

esult of the exhibition of 1898, has been concerning itself with the protection of workingwomen and with their organization. The women organizers belong to the middle class. The Socialist party in the Netherlands has been organizing workingwomen into trade-unions. In this the party has encountered the same difficulties as exist elsewhere; to the present time it can point only to small s

axpayers or own property adjoining the dikes. In June, 1908, the Lutheran Synod gave women the same right to vote in church affairs as the men possess. The Evangelical Synod, on the other hand, re

894 they organized a "Woman's Suffrage Society," which soon spread to all parts of the country. The Liberals, Radicals, Liberal Democrats, and Socialists admitted women members to their political clubs and frequently consulted the women concerning the selection of candidates. The clubs of the Conservative and Clerical parties have refused to admit women. At the general meeting in 1906 a part of the members of the "Woman's Suffrage Society" separated from the organization and formed the "Woman's Suffrage League" (the Bond voor Vrouwenkiesrecht,-the older organization was called Vereeniging voor Vrouenkiesrech

ed that Parliament grant active and passive suffrage to men and women. But with the fall of the Liberal ministry fell the hope of having this measure enacted, for there is nothing to be expected from the present government, composed of Catholic and Protestant Conservatives. As has already been stated, propaganda is in the meantime being carried on with increasing vigor, and in Java a woman's suffrage society has also been organized. A noted jurist, who is a member of the

ERLAN

ulation:

about 1

out 1,6

of Swiss Wo

Suffrage

Fraternité," the "Intercantonal Committee of Federated Women," etc. Recently a Catholic woman's league was formed. Since 50 per cent of the Swiss women remain unmarried, the woman's rights movement is a social necessity. In the field of education the authorities have been favorable to women in every way. In nine cantons the elementary schools are coeducational. There are public institutions for higher learning for girls in all cities. In German Switzerland (Zurich, Winterthur, St. Gallen, Berne) girls are admitted to the higher institutions of learning for boys, or they can prepare themselves in the girls' schools for the examination required for entrance to the universities (Matura). There are 18 seminaries that admit girls only; the seminaries in Küssnacht, Rorshach, and Croie are coeducational. Women teachers are not appointed in the elementary schools of the cantons of Glarus and Appenzell-Outer-Rhodes. On the other hand in the cantons of Geneva,

tion of women is also neglected by the state, while the professional training of men is everywhere promoted. Women are employed in the postal and telegraph service. The Swiss hotel system offers remunerative positions and thoroughly respectable callings to women of good family. In 1900 the number of women laborers was 233,912; they are engaged chiefly in the textile and ready-made clothing industries, in lacemaking, cabinetmaking, and the manufacture of food products, pottery, perfumes, watches and clocks, jewelry, embroidery, and brushes.[68] Owing to French influence, laws for the protection of women laborers are opposed, especially in Geneva. The inspection of factories is largely in the hands of men. Home industry is a blessing in certain regions, a curse in others. This depends on the intensity of the work and on the degree of industrialism. The trade-union movement is still very weak among women laborers. According to the canton the movement has a purely economic or a socialist-political character. Only a few organizations of workingwomen belong to the Swiss Federation of Women's Clubs. Since 1891 the men's trade-unions have admitted women. The first women factory inspectors were appointed in 1908. According to the census of August 9, 1905, 92,136 persons in Switzerland are engaged in home industry;

least 25 per cent extra. The most significant innovation is the legal regulation of vacations. Every laborer that is not doing piecework or being paid by the hour must, after one year of continuous service for the same firm, be granted six consecutive days of vacation with full pay; a

of the women, and charged a member of the code commission to put himself into communication with the executive committee of the Federation and to express the wishes of the Federation at the deliberations o

full status of a legal person before the law and full civil ability, and shares parental authority with the father. French Switzerland (through the influence of the Code Napoleon) opposes the pecuniary responsibility of the illegal father toward the mother and child. Official regulation of prostitution has been abolished in all the cantons except Geneva

accepted a measure prohibiting the man

dent. Through this measure the illicit mother is placed in a position enabling her openly to devote herself to the rearing of her child. With this purpose in view, not less than 10,000 women have signed a petition to the Swiss Fe

on. The women in the Canton Vaud have exercised the right to vote in the église libre since 1899, and in the église nationale since 1908. Since 1909, women have exercised the right to vote in the église évangélique libre of Geneva. The woman's suffrage movement was really started by the renowned Professor Hilty, of Berne, who declared himself (in the Swiss Year Book of 1897) in favor of woman's suffrage. The first society concerning itself exclusively with woman's suffrage originated in Geneva (Association pour le suffrage feminin). Later other organizations were formed in Lausanne, Chaux de Fonds, Neuenburg, and Olten. The Woman's Reading Circle of Berne had, since 1906, demanded political rights for women, and the

ng to restrict itself to public utilities only), was given this instructive answer by Professor Hilty: "Public utility and politics are not mutually exclusive; an educated woman that wishes to make a living wit

RM

ulation:

31,25

30,46

ration of W

Suffrage

persistently opposed. In recent times the women of no other country have lived through conditions of war such as the German wome

ght out in less than one generation. Every war, every accentuation and promotion of militarism is a weakening of the

were never applied by German Liberalism to woman in a broad sense, and the Socialist party is not yet in the majority. The political training of the German man has in many respects not yet been extended to include the principles of th

tablishment of high schools for girls; and the improvement of the opportunities given to women teachers. In no other country were women teachers for girls wronged to such an extent as in Germany. The results of the last industrial census (1907) give to the demands of the woman's rights movement an invaluable support: Germany has nine and a half million married women, i.e. only one half of all adult wome

demands are contained in the programme of the "German General Woman's Club" (founded in 1865 by four of these women, natives of Leipzig, on the anniversary of the battle of Leipzig). At that time woman's right to vote was put aside as something utopian. The founders of the woman's rights movement, however, from the very first included in their programme the question of women industrial laborers, and attacked the question i

n Association of Women Public School Teachers, and high schools for girls. The Prussian law of 1908 for the reform of girls' high schools (providing for the education of girls over 12 years,-Realgymnasiums or Gymnasiums for girls from 12 to 16 years, women's colleges for women from 16 to 18 years) was enacted under pressure from the German woman's rights movement. Both the state and city must now do more for the education of girls. The academically trained women teachers in the high schools are given consideration wh

the threatened injustice to women in the adjustment of salaries. The universities in Baden and Wurttemberg were the first to admit women; then followed th

case of an indicted youth before the Altona juvenile court. Although there are only a few women lawyers in Germany, women are now permitted to act as

ors have performed satisfactory service in all the states of the Empire. But the future field of work for the German women is the sociological field. State, municipal, and private aid is demanded by the prevailing destitution. At the present time women work in the sociological field without pay. In the future much of this work must be performed by the professional sociological women workers. In about 100 cities women are guardians of the poor. There are 103 women superintendents of orphan asylums; women are sought by the authorities as guardians. Women's co?peration as members of school committees and deputations promotes the organized woman's rights movement. The first woman inspector of dw

hrough the establishment of the magazine Frauenwohl [Woman's Welfare] in 1888, by Mrs. Cauer. In this manner the younger and more radical woman's rights movement was begun. The women that organized the movement had interested themselves in the educational field. The radicals now entered the so

the aid of Mr. Julius Meyer and Mr. Silberstein, she organized the "Commercial and Industrial Benevolent Society for Women

for social work. At the same time Jeannette Schwerin demanded that women be permitted to act as poor-law guardians. The agita

Pappritz. Lily v. Gikycki was the first to speak publicly concerning the civic duty of women. The Woman

stimulated the movement. As early as 1904 the Berlin Congress of the International Council of Women had shown that the Federation, being composed chiefly of conservative elements, should adopt in its programme all the demands of the radicals, including woman's suffrage. The differences between the Radi

nd Clara Zetkin was unnecessary. It has just been stated that the founders of the German woman's rights movement had included the demands of the workingwomen in their programme, and that the Radicals (by whom the congress of 1896 had been called, and who for years had been engaged in politics and in the organization of trade-unions) had in 1894 demanded the admission of women's labor organizations to the Federation of Women's Clubs. Hence an alignment of the two movements would have been exceedingly fortunate. However, a part of the Socialists, laying stress on ultimate aims, regard "class hatred" as their chief means of agitation, and are therefore on principle oppos

y urged the workingwomen to seek admission to the Hirsch-Duncker Trades Unions (the German national association of trade-unions); they have established a magazine for workingwomen, and have organized a league for the consideration of the interests of workingwomen. In 1

ess with indifference how women that wish to know nothing of Biblical Christianity represent all the German women." The organization opposes equality of rights between man and woman; but in 1908 it joined the Federation of Women's Clubs. In 1903 a "Catholic Woman's League" was formed, but it has not join

speakers. Our "unity of spirit,"-praised so frequently, and now and then ridiculed,-is our chief power in the midst of specially difficult conditions in

o parental authority. Relative to the impending revision of the criminal law, the women made their demands as early as 1908 in a general meeting of the Federation of Women's Clubs, when a three days' discussion took place. Since 1897 the women have progressed c

re admitted to political life. The Woman's Suffrage Society-founded in 1902, and in 1904 converted into a League-was able previous to 1908 to expand only in the South German states (excluding Bavaria). By this Imperial Law the northern states of the Empire were opened, and a National Woman's Suffrage Society was formed in Prussia, in Bavaria, and in Mecklenburg. As early as 1906, after the dissolution of the Reichstag, the women took an active part in the campaign, a right granted them by the Vereinsrecht (Law of As

were granted the right to vote in church elections, a right that had been g

EMB

pulation

: 120

126

ion of wom

s suffrag

in good financial condition. Throughout the country it is now carrying on successful propaganda in the interest of higher education for girls and in the interest of women in the industries. In Luxemburg, after girls have grad

sioner; and there is a woman inspector of the municipal hospital. The society is well supported by the liberal elements of the government

AN A

ation: abou

about 3

out 3,2

f Austrian W

s suffrag

of the "Woman's Industrial Society," which enlarged woman's sphere of activity as did the Lette-Society in Berlin. Since 1868 the woman's rights movement has secured adherents from the best educated middle-class women,-namely, women teachers. In that year the Catholic women teachers organized a "Catholic Women Teachers' Society." In 1869 was organized the interdenominational "Austrian Women Teachers' Society." This society has performed excellent service. The women teachers, who since 1869 had been given positions in the public schools, were paid less than the men teachers having the same training and doing the same work. Therefore the women teachers presented themselves to the provincial legislatures, demanded an increase in salary, and, in spite of the opposition of the male teachers, secured the increase by the law of 1891. In 1876 a society devoted its efforts to the improvement of the girls' high schools, which had been greatly neglected. In 1885 the women writers and the women artists organized, their male colleagues having refused

However, the Countess Possanner, M.D., after passing the Swiss state examin

an, she did not have the suffrage in municipal elections, and the suffrage for the Board of Physicians could be exercised only by those doctors that were municipal electors.[73] Thereupon Dr. Possanner appealed her case to the g

sposed"; if the municipality is politically opposed to the male teachers, it appoints women teachers in preference. But to be the plaything of political whims is not a very worthy condition to be in. If women teachers marry, they need not withdraw from the service (except in the province of Styria). More than 10 per cent of the women teachers in the whole of Austria are married, more than 2 per cent are widows. The women comprise about one fourth of the total number of elementary school teachers,

subsidizes various institutions. The girls' Gymnasiums were privately founded. Dr. Cecilia Wendt, upon whom the degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred by Vienna University, and who took the state examination for secondary school teachers in mathematics, physics, and German, was the first woman appointed as teacher in a Gymnasium, being appointed in the Vienna Gymnasium for girls. Since 1871, women have been appointed in the postal and telegraph service. Like most of the subordinate state

guldens ($9.64 to $14.46) a month. They are given the same pay in the stores and offices where they are expected to use typewriters. They are regarded as subordinates, though frequently they are thorough specialists and masters of languages. In the governmental service the wo

to live on a monthly salary of $9.64 to $14.46. The Vienna inquiry into the condition of workingwomen in 1896 disclosed frightfully misera

rers is found in northern and western Bohemia among the glassworkers and bead makers. In Styria, Salzburg, Tyrol, and Carinthia the organization of women is found only in isolated cases. Everywhere the organization of women is made difficult by domestic misery, which consumes the energy, time, and interest of the women. The organized Social

of the total number of births. For these and other reasons the "General Woman's Club of Austria" (Allgemeine ?sterreiche Frauenverein), founded in 1893 under the leadership of Miss Augusta Fickert, has frequently concerned itself with the question of prostitution, of woman's wages, and of the official regulation of

e: Augusta Fickert, Marianne Hainisch, Mrs. v. Sprung, Miss Herzfelder, v. Wolfring, Mrs. v. Listrow, Rosa Maireder, Maria Lang (editor of the excellent Dokumente der Frauen, which, unfortunately, were discontinue

umstances much more resembling those in Italy. In these lands it is expected that the woman's rights movement will profit greatly through the growth of Socialism. This is explained by the fact that the Austrian Liberals are not equal to t

states vote also for the Imperial Parliament through proxy. The Austrian women, supported by the Socialist deputies, Pernerstorfer, Kronawetter, Adler, and others, have on several occasions demanded the passive suffrage in the election of school boards and poor-law guardians; they have also demanded a reform of the law of organization, so that women can be admitted to political organizations. To the present these efforts have been fruitless. When universal suffrage was granted in 1906 (creating the fifth clas

e court. In Voralberg the unmarried women taxpayers were also given the right to vote in elections of the Landtag. The legal status of the Austrian woman is similar to that of the French woman: the wife is under the guardianship of her husband; the pr

f the peace movement, and Marie v. Ebner-Eschenbach, the greatest living woman writer i

orably disposed toward the woman's righ

GAR

ulation:

: 9,6

9,582

f Hungarian

Suffrage

ted; in 1878 it was turned over to a woman superintendent, Mrs. v. Janisch. A seminary for women teachers was established, a special building being erected for the purpose. Then the admission of women to the university was agitated. A special committee for this purpose was formed with Dr. Coloman v. Csicky as chairman. In the meantime the "Society" gave domestic economy courses and courses of instruction to adults (in its girls' high school). The Minister of Public Instruction, v. Wlassics, secured the imperial decree of November 18, 1895, by which women were admitted to the universities of Klausenburg and Budapest (to the phi

urope has hardly been opened to women), is a Transylvanian. Among other things she has been given the supervision of the masonry, the glasswork, the roofing, and the interior

carpets, textile fabrics, slippers, tobacco pouches, whip handles, and ornamental chests are made artistically according to antique models (this movement is analogous to that in Scandinavia). Large expositions aroused

[79] An address that Miss Coote of the "International Vigilance Society" delivered in Budapest resulted in the founding of the "Society for Combating the White Slave Trade." The committee was composed of Countess Czaky, Baroness Wenckheim, Dr. Ludwig Gruber (royal public prosecutor), Professor Vambéry, and others. The recent Draconic regulation of prostitution in Pest (1906) caused the Federation of Hungarian Wom

cities in the provinces (in Budapest also with the aid of foreign women speakers); recently the society has also roused the countrywomen in favor of the movement. Woman's suffrage is opposed by the Clericals and the Social-Democrats

n pursued undefined or unknown callings; 83,537 women lived on incomes from their property. Since 1890 the number of women engaged in all the callings has increased more rapidly than the number of men (26.3 to 27.9 per cent being the average increase of the women engaged in gainful pursuits). In 1900 the women formed 21 per cent of the industrial population. They were engaged chiefly in the manufacture of pot

men public school teachers was 6529 (there being 22,840 men), i.e. 22.22 per cent were women. In the best public schools there are more women teachers than men, the proportion being 62 to 48; in the girls' high schools there are 273 women teache

PTE

ANCE CO

er of women in these countries is in many cases smaller than the number of men. In general, the girls are married at an ea

AN

ulation:

19,34

18,92

of French W

Suffrage

t form a school in England, and the organized English woman's rights movement did not cast its lot with this revolutionist. What Mary Wollstonecraft did for England, Olympe de Gouges did for France in 1789; at that time she dedicated to the Queen her little book, The Declaration of the Rights of Women (La declaration des droits des femmes). It happened that The Declaration of the Rights of Man (La declaration des droits de l'homme) of 1789 referred only to the men. The National Assembly recognized only male voters, and refused the petition of October 28, 1789, in which a number of Parisian women demanded universal suffrage in the election of national representatives. Nothing is more peculiar than the attitude of the men advocates of liberty toward the women ad

very unfraternally. What harmony between theory and practice! In fact, the Revolution even withdrew rights that the women formerly possessed. For example, the old régime gave a noblewoman, as a landowner, all the rights of a feudal lord. She levied troops, raised taxes, and administered justice. During the old régime in France there were women peers; women were now and then active in diplomacy. The abbesses exercised the same feudal power as the abbots; they had unlimited power over their convents. The women owners of large feudal lands met with the provincial estates,-for instance, Madame de Sévigné in the Estates General of Brittany, where there was autonomy in the provincial admi

The married woman has had independent control of her earnings and savings only since the enactment of the law of July 13, 1907. Only the husband has legal authority over the children. Such a legal status of woman is found in other codes. But the following provisions are pecu

vement during this arbitrary military régime? Full of fear and anxiety, the woman's rights advocates concealed their views. The Restoration was scarcely a better time for advocating woman's rights. The philosopher of the epoch, de Bonald, spoke very pompously against the equality of the sexes, "Man and woman are not and never will be equal." It was not until the July Revolution of 1830 and the February Revolution of 1848 that the question of woman's rights could gain a favor

a tribune of the people, a republican and a politician. Marie Deraismes and her excellent political adherent, Léon Richer, were the founders of the organized French woman's rights movement

er country. The republican majority in the Chamber of Deputies, the republican press, and republican literature effectively promote the woman's rights movement. The Federation of French Women's Clubs, founded in 1901, and reputed to have 73,000 members, is at present promoting the movement by the systematic organization of provincial divisions. Less kindly disposed-sometimes indifferent and hostile-are the Church, the Catholic circles, the nobility, society, and the "liberal" c

the reform of the civil rights of woman have since 1848 been repeatedly introduced and supported by petitions.[82] As for the civil rights of woman,-the principles of the Code Napoleon, the minority of the wife, and the husband's authority over her are still unchanged. However, a few minor concessions have been made: To-day a woman can be a witness to a civil

Group of Women Students (Le groupe d'études féministes) (Madame Oddo Deflou), and by th

In educational matters, however, the republican government has decidedly favored the women. Here the wishes of the women ha

guages, however, are elective). In the last two years (in which the ages of the girls are 16 to 18 years) the curriculum is that of a seminary for women teachers. In 1904-1905 these institutions were attended by 22,000 girls, as compared with 100,000 boys. The French woman's rights movement has as yet not succeeded in establishi

he teachers are women; the superintendents are also women. The ecclesiastical educational system,-which still exists in secular guise,-is naturally, so far as the education of girls is concerned, entirely in the hands of women. The salaries of the secular women teachers in the first three classes of the elementary schools are equal to those of the men. The women teachers in the lycées (agrégées) are trained in the Seminary of Sèvres and in the universities. Their

s clerks in some of the administrative departments of the government and in the public poor-law administration. Women are employed as inspectors of schools, as factory inspectors, and as poor-law administrators. There is a woman member of each of the following councils: the Superior Coun

ncs (50 cents) a day. Hardly 30,000 are organized into trade-unions; all women tobacco workers are organized. As elsewhere, the French ready-made clothing industry is the most wretched home industry. A part of the French middle-class women oppose legislation for the protection of women workers on the ground of "equality of rights for the sexes."[83] This attitude has been occasioned by the contrast between the typographers and the women typesetters; the men being aided in the struggle by the prohibition of night work for women. It is easy to explain the rash and unjustifiable

man. But this means merely a physical superiority. On the basis of this superiority man dare not despise woman and regard her as morally inferior to him. But from the Christian point of view God gave man authority over woman. This does not signify any intellectual superiority, but is simply a fact of hierarchy."[84] The féminisme chrétien advocates: A thorough education for girls according to Catholic principles; a reform of the marriage law (the wife should control her earnings, separate

is more concerned with the woman that does not find the arm of the "strong man" to lean on, or who detected him leaning upon her. This party is entirely opposed to the husband's authority over the wife and to the dogma of

exes; official regulation of the work of domestic servants; the abolition of the husband's authority; municipal and national suffrage for women. A member of the radical party presented herself

Since 1907 the woman's magazine, La Fran?aise, published weekly, has done effective work for the cause. The place of publication (49 rue Laffite, Paris) is also a public meeting place for the leaders of the woman's rights movements. La Fran?aise arouses interest in the cause of woman's rights among women teachers and office clerks in the provinces. Recently the management of the magazine has been converted to the cause of woman's suffrage. In the spring of 1909 the French

ostitution. Through this movement an extraparliamentary commission (1903-1907) was induced to recogniz

LG

ulation:

: 3,4

3,398

f Belgian Wo

Suffrage

he number of women exceeds that of the men; hence part of the girls cannot marry. Industry is highly developed. The question of wages is a vital question for women laborers. Accordingly there are reasons enough for instituting an organize

n of this estate that ought to be the natural supporters of the movement. In the fourth estate, in

of her deposit being 3000 francs ($600). The wife also controls her earnings. If, however, she draws more than 100 francs ($20) a month from the savings bank, the husband may protest. Women are now admitted to family counci

ntemplating entering the university, must prepare for these examinations privately. This was done by Miss Marie Popelin, of Brussels, who wished to study law. The universities of Brussels, Ghent, and Liège have been open to women since 1886. Hen

national woman's congress in Brussels. Many representatives of foreign countries attended. One of the German representatives, Mrs. Anna Simpson, was astonished by the indifference of the people of Brussels. In her report she says: "Where were the women of Brussels during the days of th

doctors. One of these, Mrs. Derscheid-Delcour, has been appointed as chief physician at the Brussels Orphans' Home. Mrs. Delcour graduated in 1893 at the Unive

as recognized the organizations of these women; it was instrumental in organi

ts movement, which is organized throughout the country in committees, councils, and societies. Madame Gatti de Gammond died in 1905, and her publication, the Cahiers feministes, was di

d women) was introduced into Parliament in 1894. This bill, however, provided also for plural voting, by which the property-owning and the educated classes were given one or two additional votes. The Socialists o

hat universal suffrage would be detrimental to the party's interests; for the Socialists were convinced that woman's suffrage would certainly insure a majority for the Clericals. Hence, in meeting, the

summarized the situation

e yourself and I w

e franchise and I sha

e, and you shal

udrée Téry, this dialogue c

age organization was formed in Brussels in 1908; one in Ghent, in 1909. Together they have organize

Antwerp, in 1908, public aid to the unemployed was granted only to men,-to unmarried as

T

ulation:

bout 16,

out 16,

f Italian Wo

Suffrage

. Catholicism, Clericalism, and Roman custom are no match for these modern liberal powers, and are therefore unable to hinder the woman's rights movement in the same degree as do these influences in Spain. However, the Italian woman in general is still entirely dependent

heir own,-and when these boys marry, be they ever so young, they have already had a wealth of experience that has taught them to regard woman disdainfully-with a sort of cynical authority. Even love and respect for the innocent young wife is unable to eradicate from the young husband the impressions of immorality and bad exam

p child. No woman, not even the most insignificant woman laborer, can be on the street without an escort. On the other hand, the boys

n in the smaller cities while taking his evening pint of beer. The Italian man finds this opportunity sometimes in the café, sometimes in the public places, where every evening the men congregate for hours. So the educated man in Italy (even more than in Germany) has no need of the intellectual qualities of his wife. Moreover, his need for an educated wife is the less because his misguided precocity prevents him from acquiring anything but an essentially general education. The restricted intellectual relationship between husband and wife is explained partly by the fact that the cicisbeo[90] still exists. This relation ought to be, and generally is, Platonic and publicly known. The wife permits her friend (the ci

nding of homes, asylums, etc.) and to the higher education of girls.[92] In a private audience the Pope has expressed himself in favor of women's engaging in university studies (except theology), but he was opposed to woman's suffrage. The daughters of the educated, liberal (but often poor) bourgeo

laws are enforced rather strictly. Coeducation nowh

s schools. The efforts of the state in this field are not to be criticized: it has given women every educational opportunity. Girls wishing to study in the universities are admitted to the boys' classical schools (ginnasii) and to the boys' technical schools. This experiment in coeducation during the plastic age of yout

ce there were many women teachers in Italy. This tradition has been revived; at present there are 10 women university teachers. Dr. jur. Therese La

e Roman hospitals. The Minister of Public Instruction has authorized her to deliver a course of lectures on the treatment of imbecile children to a class of women tea

office clerks. These positions are much sought after by men. The number of women employed in commerce is 18,000; th

. When the Kingdom of Italy had been established, Jessie White Mario demanded a reform of the legal, political, and economic s

ses of joint property holding, the wife controls her earnings and savings. The husband can give her a general authorization (allgemeinautorisation), thus giving her the full stat

n in their struggle for emancipation. Since 1881 the women have organized clubs. At first these were unsuccessful. Free and courageous women were in the minority. In Rome the woman's rights movement was at first exclusively benevolent. In Milan and Turin, on the other hand, there were woman's rights advocates (under the leadership o

for twelve hours' work. The average daily wage for women is 80 centimes to 1 franc (16 to 20 cents). The maximum is 1 franc 50 centimes (30 cents). The law has fixed the maximum working day for women at twelve hours, and prohibits women under twenty years of age from engaging in work that is dangerous

The constitution of the society is characteristic; many of its clauses are primitive and pathetic. This society is intended to be an educational and moral organization. Women members are exhorted "to live rightly, and to be virtuous and kind-hearted mothers, women, a

workingwomen, brought the woman's suffrage question to the attention of the public. A number of woman's suffrage societies had been organized previously, in Rome as well as in the provinces. They formed the National Woman's Suffrage League, which, in 1906, joined the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance. Through the discussions in the women's clubs, woman's suffrage became a topic of public interest. The Amsterdam Report [of the Congress of the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance] says: "The women of the aristocracy wish to vote because they are intelligent; they feel humiliated because their co

IN[

ulation:

: 9,5

9,272

ion of wom

s suffrag

carnal desire and of the fall of man. By law, woman is under the guardianship of man. Custom forbids the "respectable" woman to walk on the street without a man escort. The Spanish woman regards herself as a person of the second order, a necessary adjunct to man. Such a fundamental humiliation and subordination is opposed to human nature. As the Spanish woman

s employed as an industrial laborer chiefly in the manufacture of cigars and lace. "The wages of women," says Professor Posada,[95] "are incredibly low," being but 10 cents a day. As tailors, women make a scanty living, for many of the

attend, they learn very little; for owing to the lack of seminaries the training of women teachers is generally quite inadequate. A reform of the central seminary of women teachers, in Madrid, took place in 1884; this reform was also a model for the seminaries in the provinces. The secondary schools for girls a

. However, the Spanish women have a brilliant past in the field of higher education. Donna Galinda was the Latin professor of Queen Isabella. Isabella Losa and Sigea Aloisia of Toledo w

h her talent, assured her success. She characterizes herself as "a mixture of mysticism and liberalism." At the age of seven she wrote her first verses. Her best book portrayed a "liberal monk," Father Fequ?. Pascual Loper, a novel, was a great s

filled with great success the position of Professor of French Literature. At the pedagogic

uthors, and poets. Dr. Posada enumerates a number of woman's r

g woman's status, which man has forced upon her, Concepcion Arenal expressed herself as follows: "Man despises all women that do not belong to his family; he oppresses every woman that he does not love or protect. As a laborer, he t

husband; she has no authority over her children. T

Congress of Women in Chicago in 1893, closed her report with the words, "We are emerging from the period of darkness." However, he who has wandered through Spanish cathedrals knows that this darkness is still very dense! Nevertheless, the woman's suffrage movement has begun: the women laborers are agitating in favor of a new law of association. A numbe

e political emancipation of women. A deputy in the Cortez, Senor Pi y Arsuaga, who introduced the measure in favor of the right of women taxpayers to vote in municipal elections, argued

RT

ulation:

: 2,5

2,520

ion of wom

s suffrag

blic high schools for girls; but there are a number of private schools that prepare girls for the university entrance examinations (Abiturientenexamen). The universities ad

REPUBLICS OF CENTRA

CENTRAL A

n or twelve children. The life of most of the women without property consists of "endless routine and domestic tyranny"; the life of the property-owning women is on

cience, sewing, dancing, and singing. In the Mexican public high schools for girls, modern subjects and literature are taught; the work is chiefly memorizin

wing. Their wages are from 40 to 50 per cent lower than those of men. The legal status of women is similar to that of the French women. In Mexico only does the wife control her earnings. Divorce is no

AMER

life, the same external restrictions for woman. She must have an

nion everything possible is done to prevent women from desiring an education and admission to a liberal calling. Elementary education is compulsory (often in coeducational schools). Secondary education is in the hands of convents. In Brazil, Chili, Venezu

ave competed successfully for government positions; they have founded trade-unions and co?perative societies; many women are tramway conductors, etc. In all the South American republi

PTE

C AND BAL

ts effect on the status of woman. In general the standards of life are low; therefore, the wages of the women are especially wretched. Political cond

SS

ulation:

47,77

46,43

Russian Wome

man's Suffr

Such efforts are a part of the forbidden "political movement"; therefore they are dangerous and practically hopeless. Some peculiarities of the Russian woman's rights movement are: its individuality, its independence

ases, progress usually ceases also. Corporate activity, such as educates women adherents, did not exist formerly in Russia. The lack of united action wastes much force, time, and money. Unconsciously people compete with each other. Without wishing to do so, people negle

men and women struggling for emancipation. The op

lygamy did not exist in Russia, the country could not free itself from certain oriental influences. Hence the women of the property-owning class formerly lived in the harem (called ter

n was permitted to see the world. In rough, uncivilized surroundings, in the midst of a brutal, sensuous people, woma

a knowledge of French, a few accomplishments, polished manners, and an aristocratic bearing. For all that, it was then an achievement to educate young Russian women according to the standards of western Europe. The superficiality of

equivalent to the German Gymnasiums or Realgymnasiums, nor even to the Oberrealschulen or Realschulen. This explains and justifies the refusal of the German universities to regard the leaving certificates of the Russian lyceums as equivalent to the Abiturienten certificate of the German schools. The compulsory studies in the girls' lyceums are: Russian, French, religion, history, geography, geometry, a

. Petersburg in 1861. They opened courses for the instruction of adult women in the town hall. Simultaneously the Min

accepted what was offered. It was little enough. Moreover, the society had to defray the cost of instruction; but it was denied the right to give examinations and confer degrees. All the teachers, however, taught without pay. In 1885 the society erected its own building in which to give its courses. The instruction was again discontinued in 1886. Once more the Russian women flocked to foreign countries. In 1889 the courses were again opened (Swiss influence on Russian youth was feared). The number of those enrolled in the courses was limited to 600 (of these only 3 per cent could be unorthodox, i.e. Jewish). These courses are still given in St. Petersburg. Recently the Council of Ministers empowered the Minister

an Railroad by the woman engineer has given better satisfaction than any of the other work. A bill prov

government in 1872 opened special courses for women medical students in St. Petersburg. (In another institution courses were given for midwives and for women regimental surgeons.) The women completing the courses in St. Petersburg were not granted the doctor's degree, however. The Russian women earned the doct

the 2,000,000 public school children, only 650,000 are girls. The number of illiterates in Russia varies from 70

een made by the women village school teachers to arouse the women agricultural laborers from their stupor. Or

the girls' lyceums. Those wishing to teach in the higher classes must take a special examination in a university. The higher classes

hese, 8 have ceased to practice, 245 have official positions, and 292 have a private practice. Of the 132 women doctors in St. Petersburg, 35 are employed in hospitals, 14 in the sanitary department of the city; 7 are school physicians, 5 are assistants in clinics and la

on country estates, 8 in hospitals for Mohammedan women, 16 in schools, 9 in factories, 4 are employed by railroads, 4 by the Red Cross Society, etc. The practice of the woman doctor in the co

this is true of the men druggists also). According to the last statistics (1897), there were 126,016 wo

ey have since been placed under the control of the Minister of Instruction and Religion. This will restrict the freedom of instruction.

nsions. The government of the province of Moscow has appointed women to municipal offices, and has appointed them as fire insurance agents. The zemstvo of Kiew had done this previ

excel in scientific work. It must be emphasized that the woman student in Russia must often struggle against terrible want. Whoever has studied in Swiss, German, or French universities knows the Ru

these women endure the people of western Europe have no conception. In Russia the facts are better known. Wealthy women endow all educational institutions for girls with relief funds and with loan and stip

es in Vienna might give some idea of the misery of the Russian women. In Bialystock, which has the best socialistic organization of women, the women textile workers earn about 18 cents a

2] A workingwomen's club has existed since 1897 in St. Petersburg. There are 982,098 women engaged in industry and mining; 1,673,605 in domestic service (there being 1,586,450 men domestic servants). Of the women domestic servan

em, the right to vote is restricted to taxpayers and to landowners. In the rural districts the wife votes as "head of the family," if her husband is absent or dead. Then she is also given her share of the village land. She votes in person. In the cities the wo

s of society and were adherents to the progressive political parties. Since the dissolution of the first Duma (June 9, 1906) the work of the woman's suffrage advocates has been made very difficult; in the rural districts especially all initiative has been crippled. In Moscow

cerned education, labor problems, and politics. Publicity was much restricted; police surveillance was rigid; addresses on the foreign woman's suffrage movement were prohibited. Nevertheless, this progressive declaration was made: Only the right to vote can secure for the Russian women a thorough education and the right to work. Moreover, the Congress favored: better marriage laws (a wife cannot secure a passport without the consent of her husband), the abolition of the official regulation of prosti

ote a letter in which he expressed his pleasure at the adjournment of her "congress of prostitutes" (Bordellkongress). Mrs. v. Philosophow surrendered this letter and another to the courts, which sentenced the offender t

ng their veils, that the Russian women in the rural districts are petitioning for greater privileges, etc. An organized woman's rights movement has

BOHEMIA A

ation: abou

redominate

ion of wom

s suffrag

ally. In the national propaganda woman takes her place beside the man. The names of the Czechish women patriots are on the lips of everybody. Had the

es. An institute such as the "Wesna"[104] in Brünn is a center of national propaganda. Prague, like Brünn, has a Czechish Gymnasium for girls as well as the German Gymnasium.

alicia. The lot of the workingwomen, especially in the coal mining districts, is wretched. Acco

e most active political interest. The women owners of large estates in Bohemia voted until 1906 for members of the imperial Parliament. When universal suffrage was granted to the Austrian me

organized in 1905, has proved irrefutably that the women in Prague are legally entitled to the suffrage for the Bohemian Landtag. In the Landtag election of 1907 the women presented a candidate, Miss Tumova, who received a considerable number of votes, but was defeated by the most prominent candidate (the mayor). However, this campaign arous

CIA[

ation: abou

about 3

s: about

redominate

ion of wom

s suffrag

to a similar inquiry in Lemberg. This showed that most of the women cannot live on their earnings. The lowest wages are those of the women engaged in the ready-made clothing industry,-2 to 2? guldens ($.96 to $1.10) a month as beginners; 8 to

ens ($2.89 to $3.88). In laundries women working 14 hours earn 80 kreuzer (30 cents) a day without board. In printing works and in bookbinderies women are employed as assistant

es are 40 to 60 kreuzer (19 to 29 cents) a day. No attempt to improve these conditions through organizations has yet been made. The

ideas of western Europe, immeasurable. In 1897 336,000 children between six and twelve years (in a total of about 923,000) had never attended school. Of 4164 men teachers, 139 had no qualifications whatever! Of the 4159 women teachers 974 had no qualifications! The minimum salary is 500 kronen ($101.50). The women teachers in 1909 demanded that they be regarded

Mrs. Kutschalska lives during parts of the year in Warsaw. She publishes the magazine Ster. In Russian Poland her activities are more restricted because the forming of organizations is made difficult. In spite of this the "Equal Rights Society of Polish Women" has organized local societies in Kiew, Radom, Lublin, and other cities. The formation of a fede

m government service, many educated Polish women flock into the teaching profession; th

OMAN'S RIGHTS

ulation:

reponderate

ransform the magazine Slovenka into a woman's rights review. A South Slavic Social-Democratic movement is attempting to organize trade-unions among the women. The women lace makers have been organized. Seventy per cent of all women laborers ca

RV

ulation:

is somewhat greater

ration of Wo

ntal conception of woman prevails along with patriarchal family conditions. The woman's righ

mestic duties; in addition they work in the fields or work at excellent home industries. These home industries were developed as a means of livelihood by the efforts of Mrs. E. Subotisch, the organizer of t

te high schools for girls. The boys' Gymnasiums admit girls. The university has been open to women for twenty-one years; women are enrolled in

ncs,-$300 to $600). To the present no woman has been appointed as a university professor. There are six women doctors, the first having entered the profession 30 years ago; there are two women dentists; but as yet the

s, and saleswomen. Women are also employed by banks and insurance companies. "A woman merch

to $252). There are 127 women in the telephone service (the salaries varying from 360 to 960 francs,-$72 to $19

cruits are chiefly foreign women. Each vaudeville sing

ciety of Servian Sisters" and the "Society of Queen Lubitza" are patriotic societies for maintaining and strengthening the Servian element in Turkey, Old Servia, and Macedonia. The "Society of Mothers" takes car

ng. The wife controls her earnings and savings onl

inserted woman's suffrage in its programme, and j

rvian woman demonstrated her worth, and effec

LG

ulation:

: 1,9

2,057

f Bulgarian

re 1800 men teachers and 800 women teachers in the villages; in the cities 415 men and 355 women.) High schools for girls have been established, but not all of them prepare for the Abiturientenexamen. The first women entered the university of Sofia in 1900. There are now about 100 women students. Sinc

s, are lower than those of the men. There is a factory law that protects women laborers and children working in the factories. The trade-unions are socialistic and have men and

International Council of Women. Woman's suffrage occupies the first place on the prog

to all other woman's rights. To the present time their demands have be

e Federation in

e for women in school adminis

University to women. (

women teachers. (They are paid 10 p

lums for the boys'

ent of woman's

to women and children

en President of the Federation to 1906, organized the "League of Progressive Women." This League demands equal rights for the sexes. It admits only confirmed woman's rights advocates (men and women). It will request the political emancipa

MA

ulation:

ion of wom

s suffrag

but the legal profession has been opened to the Bulgarian women. A discussion of Rumania

ECE

ulation:

: 1,1

1,266

on of Gr

s suffrag

e Parren (who acted as delegate in Chicago in 1893, and in Paris in 1900). Madame Parren succeeded in 1896 in organizing a Federation of Gr

ion has fiv

ce in the Turco-Greek War, erecting four hospitals on the border and one in Athens. The nurses belonged

indergartens; it has opened a seminary for kindergartn

time to prepare women better for their domestic calling. The efforts of this section are quite in harmony with the spirit of the times. The Greek woman's struggle for existence

s organized an orthopedic and gynecological clinic. The section also gives cour

s provides respectable but needy

ade a hostile demonstration. Miss Bassiliades acts as physician in the women's penitentiary. Miss Lascaridis and Miss Ionidis are respected artists; Mrs. v. Kapnist represents woman in literature, especially in poet

. As late as 1909, after great difficulties, t

PTE

T AND THE

lization, the majority of the women are insufficiently nourished; in all cases more poorly than the men. Early marriages enervate the women. They are old at thirty; this is especially true of the lower classes. Among us

Y AND

ulation:

s clubs has just been

sh and the Arabian women of the lower classes have an unrestrained existence. But because they are subject to the absolute authority of their husbands, their life is in most cases that of a beas

have sufficient to live on. They associate with women shopkeepers, women dancers, midwives, hairdressers, manicurists, pedicures, etc. These are in t

de corps that is unknown to European women. Among the upper classes polygamy is being abolished because the country is impoverished and the

ers, often through vanity, have given their daughters a European education. Elementary schools, secondary schools, and technical schools have existed in Turkey and

resses of women. Selma Riza, sister of the "Young Turkish" General, Ahmed Ri

m Amin Bey, counselor of the Court of Appeals in Cairo. In his pamphl

ibition of

oman is divorced if her husband, even without cause

dom to choos

men in independent

education

f Mohammedan women w

ecognizes separation of property as legal, and grants the wife the right to control and to dispose of her property. Hence the Koran is more liberal than th

ightenment among the Mohammedans. The European women doctors in Constantinople, Alexandria, and Cairo are all dissem

the right to occupy the spectators' gallery in Parliament; and, finally, they organized the Women's Progress Society, which comprises women of all nationalities but concerns itself only with philanthropy and education. As a consequence, the government is said to have resolved to erect a humanistic Gymnasium for girls in Constantinople. The leader of the Young Turks, the present President of the Chamber of

ded; as far as possible, information concerning their movements was secured before they left their homes. The Turkish women wish to prove that they, as well as the women of other countries, have human rights. When the constitution of the "Young Turkish Woman's League" was being drawn up, Enver Bey was present. He was thoroughly in favor of the demands of the new woman's rights movement. The "Young Turkish Woman's League" is under the protection of Princess Refià Su

AND HER

ulation:

ponderate n

restricted views of harem life. Naturally, a woman's rights movement i

an district women doctors. The first of these was Dr. Feodora Krajevska in Dolna Tuszla, now in Serajewo. Now she has several wome

RS

ation: abou

not. Like the Turkish and the Arabian woman, she is bound by the Koran. Her educational opportunities are even less (there are very few European schools, governesses, and women doctors in Persia). Her field of activity is restricted to agricu

N

lation: 30

icult as the movement in China. The Indian religions teach that woman should be despised. "A cow is worth more than a thou

and the women servants. The small girl learns to cook and to embroider; anything beyond that is iniquitous: woman has no brain. The girls that are educated in England must upon their return again don the veil and adjust themselves to native conditions. At the age of five or

y offer apologies for existing. The widows and orphans were the first natives to become in

he women of the zenana, through women doctors, women missionaries, and women lawyers. Hence in 1866 zenana missions were organized by English women doctors and missionaries. Native women were soon studying medicine in order to bring an end to the superstitions of the zenana. Dr. Clara Swain cam

privilege not granted the male lawyer. The first Indian woman lawyer, Cornelia Sorabija, was admitted to the bar in Poona. Even in England the women have not yet been gr

the English government. Brahmanism and its priests nourish in woman a feeling of humility and the fear that she will lose her caste through contact with Europeans and infidels. The Parsee women and the Mohammedan women do not have this fear. The Parsee women (Pundita Ramabai, for example) have played a leading part in the emancipation of their sex in India. But the Mohammedan

en Europeanized to the greatest extent in Bengal. The best educated of the native women of all classes are the dancing girls (

Indian women. At the medical congress of 1909, in Bombay, Hindoo women doctors spoke effectively. The women doctors

NA[

lation: 42

is not considered in the Chinese worship of ancestors, her birth is as unwished for as that of the Indian woman. Among the poor the birth of a daughter is an economic misfortune. Who will provide for her? Hence in the three most densely populated provinces the murder of girl babies is qu

with the man, keeps his accounts, etc. The Chinese woman of the property owning class lives, in contrast to the Hindoo woman, a life filled with domestic duties. She makes all the clothes for the family; even the most wealthy women embroider. Frequently the wife succeeds in becoming the adviser of the husband. A widow is not despised; she can remarry. The women of t

e them on the doorstep where they will be gathered up by the wagon that collects the corpses of children. Many married women commit suicide. "The suffering of the women in this d

e women are English or American. The beginning of a real woman's rights movement is the work of the Anti-Foot-Bindi

ghts. The women that have devoted themselves during these seventeen years to the emancipation of their sex must often face martyrdom. Tsin King, the founder of a semim

,000 ta?ls to endow a pedagogical magazine, and 50,000 ta?ls for the support of minor schools for girls. Still another woman's rights advocate, Wu Fang Lan, resisted every atte

ai, and about as many in every other large city. The new system of education (adopted in 1905) grants women freedom. Girls' schools have been opened everywhere; in the large citie

shed women (in the political as well as in other fields) for law and public opinion to restrict the freedom of woman. "The Chinese admits superiority, with all its consequences, as soon as he sees it; and this, whether it is shown by man or woman."[119] According to him there can be no woman's

AND KO

ulation:

23,13

23,60

and counselor in business and political affairs. All these rights were lost during the civil wars waged in the period between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries. War and militarism

hirty years these changes have been furthered by the government. While Japan was rising to the rank of a great world power, she was also providing an excellent educational system for women. The movement began with the erection of girls' schools. The Empress is the patrones

so support the "Charity Bazaar Society," the Orphans' Home, and the Red Cross Society. The Re

wages, to be sure; but this fact enables Japan to compete successfully for markets. The number of women in industry exceeds that of the men; in 1900 there were 181,692 women and 100,962 men industrially engaged. In the textile industry 95 per cent of the laborers are women. Women also outnumber the men in home industri

tion has been presented to Parliament requesting that women be granted the right to form organizations and to hold meeting

woman's education, the associations for hygiene, and the society favoring dress reform. The Women's Union and

y are called daughter of A. B., wife of A., etc. It is a sign of the time and also of the awakening of woman's self-reliance that the government of Korea has

apanese. But whatever woman's rights movement there is in non-European countries, it owes its origin almost without exception to the activity of educated occidentals,-to the men and women teachers, educators, doctors, and missionaries. Here is an excelle

CLU

man being only in a very small part of the civilized world. Even in these places we see daily tenacious survivals of the old barbarity and tyranny. Hence it is not true that woman is the "weaker," the "protected," the "loved," and the "revered" sex. In most cases she is the overworked, exploited, and (even when living in luxury) the oppressed sex. These circumstances dwarf woman's humanity, and limit the development of her indiv

nt that they do not wish to grant us our rights. There is little encouragement in this; but it shall not perplex us. Man, by opposing woman, caused the struggle between the sexes. Only equality of rights can bring peace. Woman is al

tible force. This is irrefutably proved by the strong growth of our movement since 1904 in all countries of European civilization, and by t

N

unt Jouffr

Lady, xi,

Franchise

r. Alva,

er,

e, Barones

an's suffrage states o

ralia,

Association f

turists

nited St

Britain

eden,

ance,

ly, 20

Catalina

der II

dra Ho

a, Sig

y, Lad

, report on Europea

of Labor, favors w

ations of wor

's Suffrage As

can w

Constitutional Con

itation use

itical

tion of youth,

ative offices, 2

f city co

legislature, 2

cation,

certain univ

aching pro

er institutions

, in school

f women st

technical

atus of,

orts,

rdam,

ill, M

ll, Mrs

e, Dr

Napoleon of the woman

cts concer

istory of Woman's S

inding Soci

ery Congr

oncepcion

e Republ

a, Pi

Suffrage

th, M

Woman's Suffrage (in

, Madam

, Dr. An

e International Woman's

ns in, 4

universit

n's Political A

The International Woman'

German

en Teachers'

er,

men's Rev

es, Dr.,

ères,

lia Pardo,

is, Josep

ker

the International Woman'

ns in, 1

Mrs. Ha

y, Dr

d-Hope,

ssim Am

?hm, Han

gs,

ngham

, 110, 1

, Helen,

, Elizabe

ll, Emi

, Jex

War

onditions

, Ida

d, de

al, Mad

onditions

, 22,

zon Ho

anism

, Georg

, Lil

Freder

edericka Br

tol,

n, Miss

r, Mis

the International Woman's

ons in,

s. Josephi

h, and woman's

feminist

suffrage amendment a

of, to secure t

Universi

he International Woman's

ts movement

, Mrs.

Slovene Woman's

lovene Woman's

ine II

Woman's L

en Teachers'

arrie Chapma

s., 150,

Miss

ca, condition

for Woman's Suff

(of the Unite

, Jeann

ago,

, in United

ldr

are of Dependent Chi

ild Labor C

ting, in Au

protecting wom

, author

orado,

ht of the Uni

ralia,

gland

nland

an Aust

tzerla

ance,

pain

li,

ditions in

nati,

, Engl

d, Presi

h, An

n, Mr

absence of, i

etherlan

nce, 1

lgium

taly

ucat

ited Stat

ralia,

otlan

eden,

etherlan

erland,

rmany

taly

al Suffrage

t, Cla

ora

suffrage

rights of wom

oral women

lature of, 22,

women and chil

Univers

are of Dependent Chi

cius,

i, Mrs

onist Women's Franch

e (novel),

, Mis

hagen

f Appea

gen,

, Mrs. Lo

Madame,

ky,

, Emil

ka, Dr

der Vr

Independence, W

n of the Rights

Madame O

Mrs. Macd

the International Woman'

ons in,

, Mrs.

Colorado

es, Mar

, Jean

-Delcour,

d, Mrs

aeli

rce

suffrage

alia, 49

gland

nd Central

y and Eg

n, Mr

rs, w

ited Stat

stral

t Brita

den, 1

nland

rway,

erlands, 12

tzerla

rmany

Austria,

ngary

lgium

taly

rtuga

220, 221,

rvia,

lgari

mania

snia,

rsia,

ndia

e der Fr

, Mrs.

ow? (pamp

nd, Mr

in, La

dame Margu

enbach, Ma

on, wom

ted States

ralia,

Britain,

anad

n, 104,

nland

way, 1

nmark

therlands

erland,

many,

mburg,

stria, 159,

gary,

nce, 1

gium,

ly, 19

in, 20

rtuga

nd Central

h Ameri

a, 217-2

Bohemia and

via, 2

lgari

eece,

and Egypt,

ndia

hina

apan

ion Ac

ditions in

inismo

lstenholme, 70

dia Brita

the International Woman'

eat Br

Constitu

, Adela

, Mrs., 22

inspecto

therlands

tzerla

rmany

ance,

taly

ssia,

nditions in

iss Nell

tt, 6

evolution

proposed in the United

rench Women's C

on of La

, Elsi

chrétien

t Societ

, Matil

, Augus

endment, wom

nl

ternational Woman's S

ons in,

ne, Mr

erist

an

ternational Woman's S

ns in, 1

l (magazi

Bremer Le

nd the woman's right

Suffrage Soci

Ellen

nde,

8

onditions

a, Don

adame Gatt

, Presid

William

Universi

, conditions i

lical Woman's

modern woman's right

rm

ternational Woman's S

ons in,

, Lily

Colle

, (Mrs.)

, Henrietta

ida, 49, not

ton, Lady

lympe de,

t Br

ternational Woman's S

ns in, 5

nditions i

, Ange

tudents, the, in

Dr. Ludw

i, P.

, Marian

n, Aast

em,

a Husted,

Univer

, Soph

Preside

Frau D

s, Trig

Mrs. Je

a, conditi

der, Mi

n, Mis

, Rosi

ham, Geo

Octavi

ker Trades

ffrage, by Harper and

red t

College

attitude toward wo

n, Lawr

Woman's

ng

ternational Woman's S

ns in, 1

, Mrs. B

110, 11

the International Woman'

ah

suffrage

influence of wo

ureship in domes

omen and child

ino

's suffra

jurors

ditions in

dies' Mag

ools, see School

de demoise

l Council of

the Abolition of the Offici

rters o

branch

n branch

ranch of,

branch

l Vigilance

ge Alliance, the, various fa

s, Mis

a,

8; see Gre

of Ma

al

ternational Woman's S

ons in,

n, Mis

Dr. Alet

ditions in

suffrage soc

kins Univ

Miss,

lists,

nited St

t Brita

pain

lgari

lution (1

ile c

stral

d in Ger

aki, Mar

ou Wei

ns

man's suffra

f, to secure full

, Mrs.

, Hele

Abby,

, Anni

mer, Dr.,

r, Mrs

len, 10

sley

, 248

ditions in

a, Sonja,

a, Feodo

wetter

einschmidt, M

Zofka, 2

a, Ther

n?aise

Helena

Mari

dis, Mi

thick, 66, 74, n

Mrs., Pe

ting women

ited Stat

alia, 48

Britain

nland

way, 1

land, 138,

rmany

in Fran

rs, w

nited St

stral

in Great B

anad

eden,

nland

rway,

tzerla

rmany

an Aust

ance,

lgium

ia, 25

eedom of Labo

rs. Ma

, Abrah

y, Jud

ska, Mar

, Mrs.

ment Act for Engl

uselle, M

xiii,

Universi

e for Working

' Club Union

House

Isabel

condition

, Mrs. C.

iss, 29,

h, Miss A

n, Agne

, 63, 96

, A. v

e Mèr

-Bülow, Cou

ne,

er, Ro

ff, Mr

ster,

, Emili

essie Wh

husett

Countes

for Woman's

pposing Woman'

, Théroīg

nditions i

Mr. Jul

, Loui

Stuart, 6

, Paul

esot

e Turkey, Egypt, Persia,

Miss Sa

ori, Ma

, Rin

onditions

rn, Lina,

, Emile

school fo

s, in the United S

ucretia

erg, Dep

f Woman,

on, 17

Code, see C

an's Suffrage Associa

ti-slavery

ild Labor C

Council

ncil of Fren

of Women (in Aust

ades Union

f Woman's Suffra

s Antisuffrage

Social and Poli

ska,

rland

ternational Woman's S

ions i

mpshir

m Coll

York

42, note 2; s

ale, Flo

women, in the Un

radle of the woman's

s (of the Unit

n Coll

o,

, 21, an

en of Gre

eg

woman's suff

ent (1910) defeated in,

o woman's su

s suffrage campai

conditions

ers, Lou

niversit

ta, Mi

rst, M

rst, M

tz, An

, Mrs.

ty, see Children

lia

ng on woman's

of, to the woman's s

tations an

ame Killirh

women

t by women in the

on, Mr

, Eric

a, Hele

Elizabe

vania,

(pamph

storfe

nditions i

he Grea

, Miss

w, Mrs. v.

orce Fallac

Laid

s, in the Uni

lity League, i

ality League

quality Seri

Miss Ma

Mrs.

ogra

suffrage states of t

d in Aust

land

onditions i

rofessor,

er, Dr

F. Lau

hers,

nited St

stral

t Brita

anad

den, 1

etherlan

an Aust

ance,

se Leag

tion mo

den, 1

nland

ress

on, laws c

nited St

suffrage

gland

and, 11

rway,

nmark

tzerla

ny, 144,

Austria,

ngary

ance,

ly, 20

licia

rvia,

a, 254,

ewitch,

m, Ma

the United

ion of Wom

Mrs.

, Pundi

Society,

Princes

Isla

, Leon

Selm

E., 67,

Henrie

, Mada

tries, condi

d potte

elt, T

n's suff

the Care of Dependent

flict with Amer

Ernest

Isabel

onditions

, Freder

s Industrial

ss

ternational Woman's S

ns in, 2

imonian

men's compar

States, 25 a

suffrage

alia, 46

Britain,

anad

n, 105,

way, 1

etherlan

tzerla

rmany

an Aust

ance,

rtuga

lgari

aw, abs

stral

gland

e City,

George

rst, L

ntries, conditio

off, Mr

Paolin

cher, D

nger, M

, Madam

Augusta,

nspector

agitated in the

t Brita

ance,

ze, E

, Jeanet

land, M

; see also G

Mrs.,

rv

ternational Woman's S

ns in, 2

Madame

s. Wright,

the s

ip of the

her sex, as a

ev. Ann

Mrs. Humphr

ions investi

tional Woman's Suff

dvocate with theol

status of w

Mrs. Fr

255, n

Tou F

tein, M

x, Mi

Mrs. An

s Peng S

es, conditions

arden Ho

s rights movem

enka

rity Leagu

secreta

r Jewish W

the Condition of Woman and for

Home for Wor

ille Ha

, Cornel

h Af

ternational Woman's S

ns in, 1

, conditions

ta, 16 and

ates, condi

ditions in

Mrs. v

dame de,

Hon. Ma

Elizabe

n to anti-slaver

an's suffrage

Ottilie

Lucy,

s. C. C.,

dberg

, Mrs.

ovene woman's

ettes,

in the Unite

ance o

nce, and activi

given

a, Mis

Bertha

Dr. Cla

ed

ternational Woman's S

ons in,

zerl

ternational Woman's S

ons in,

, see Au

ers,

nited St

ralia,

Britain

n, 104,

nland

way, 1

nmark

etherlan

tzerla

rmany

Austria,

ngary

ance,

ly, 20

in, 20

Central Amer

sia, 2

licia

rvia,

lgari

sia, 2

em,

Audrée

Society (Scha

e, Minis

, Madam

d,

nions,

ited Stat

Britain

eden,

nland

rway,

therlands

tzerla

ny, 150,

stria, 159,

nce, 1

lgium

ly, 20

sia, 2

vene count

lgari

y Coll

eminar

King,

, Miss

nditions i

Dr. Anna,

, Doln

ed S

rnational Woman's Suffr

ions i

America

tes, Const

matters to the v

to woman's s

ble t

tates, w

rn woman's righ

slave

ward negro

aining the fra

tate, in the Un

t

suffrage

women

omen and child

Profess

lde, Mad

Colle

Mrs.

the International Woman

so Aus

uit,

her book refer

Roosj

man's suffrage organ, refer

ter, Coun

ee Great

Profes

-1783), relation of, to w

Mrs. H

woman's s

ebat

n, Oh

k, Lad

's suffrage secured in, 16,

rs. Sid

m, Baron

r, Cecil

alia, see

slave

stral

ngary

oman need the Right to

Frances

onsi

ng, v.

ecraft,

perative Gi

Suffrage Leagu

reedom Le

dustrial S

Instit

Journal,

ts movement,

adership in, o

organization

ands of,

rmanic and Romance cou

rotestant cou

radle

War of Inde

n the United St

alia, 42

Britain,

da, 96

Africa, 1

avian countrie

herlands,

rland, 13

any, 14

Austria, 1

rope,

ce, 176

ium, 19

y, 199

in, 21

h Ameri

ia, 215

emia,

via, 2

aria, 2

and Egyp

rsia,

ia, 25

na, 25

apan

orea

man's suffr

Movement (perio

ce, see International W

Australia (p

in New Zealand,

suffrage

ternationall

ited Stat

tralia

land,

ada, 9

Africa,

n, 104,

land,

way, 1

ark, 12

eland

therlands

erland,

many,

Austria,

ary, 17

ce, 188

ium, 19

y, 202

sia, 2

hemia and Mora

apan

age states (U

tional ma

jurors

women and chil

en (authority over), Education, Factory inspectors, Journalists, Laws protecting women and

rofessions and

ited Stat

tralia

Britain

anad

den, 1

land,

way, 1

mark,

therlands

erland,

many,

mburg,

gary,

nce, 1

lgium

ly, 20

rtuga

Central Amer

h Ameri

sia, 2

hemia and Mora

ia, 232,

vene count

via, 2

ece, 2

sia, 2

an, 26

legal s

ited Stat

stral

land,

ada, 9

den, 1

nland

rk, 122,

therlands

tzerla

rmany

Austria,

e, 178,

lgium

taly

pain

nd Central

sia, 2

rvia,

lgari

to the K

na, 25

Rights and Libertie

he woman's rights movement

's co

nited St

Britain

sement League (in

, the Need of the

beral Fede

-day fo

nited St

suffrage

stral

tzerla

rmany

taly

not antagonistic to wom

s Christian Te

tion

oncerni

woman's su

Paulin

s' Lea

ng Lan

om

suffrage

ions

s of women

nivers

Woman's Leag

vement, women

a, 25

, Clar

advertisements of Macmilla

ADDAMS, Hull-

r Ideals

her back, $1.25 n

and an exposition of the alteration of standards that must ensue when labor and the spiri

ok shows the same fresh virile thought, and the happy expression which has characterized her work ... There is nothing of namby-pamby sentimen

sive estimate of the strength and weakness alike of practical politicians and spasmodic reformers, her sensibl

and Soci

her back, $1.25 n

rom the customary academic limitations...; in fact, are the result

he 'boss' as he thrives to-day in our great cities has ever been written than is contained in Miss Addams's chapter on 'Political

stimulating, and intelli

lly Inter

of Woma

oduction by

16mo, $1.25 net

ather, $1.75 ne

e Book of Woman's Power' will make a particular appeal

re certainly of the highest class. It is a book good to read, and full of i

Y ELLIOT

dies'

$1.00 net;

e presents are forcibly put ... a racy littl

tever her views, ought to read. It has

nterest soberly and intelligently. She deserv

little treatise on the theme of wo

arning

E MARIO

ociology in Ad

ck, 12mo, $1.25 n

ago, the garment-makers' homes in New York, the silk mills and potteries of New Jersey, the fruit farms of California, the coal fields of Pennsylvania, and the hop industries of Oregon. The author calls for legislation

The Income and Outlay o

IE CLARK AND

t top, 12mo, 270 pp., $

nd of recreation. So powerful are the facts presented that the very simplicity of their narration rouses the reader to the

say that it will be for a long time, both for the practical worker and for

art and soul shrink up and grow small for pit

Gains throu

RENCE

he National Co

ck, 12mo, $1.25 n

icago and New York, and her service for the State of Illinois and for the Federal Government

d at close range in a long association with, and

ty, the State of Illinois, and the Federal Government in many investigations of condit

opics here

ht to C

ns of the Rig

f Women to

Purchasers a

men of

ABETH M

$1.50 net;

ndition and of women workers in various fields. It can be recommended to every one who is interested

MILLAN

4-66 Fifth A

tno

let of "The German Public Utility Association" (Deut

o the present time were: Mrs. Wright Sewall and Lady Aber

age Congress, London, May, 1909, had not yet appe

in the western states of the United States) has, ho

not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State

House of Representat

s by two consecut

providing for woman's suffrage was ado

akota and Oregon rejected amendments

fornia adopted woman's suff

d and twenty men and women,-experts in the care of children, from every state in the Union,-met, and proposed, among other things, the establishment of a Fe

in the United States to discuss educational

sal male suffrag

favor of woman's suffrage was defeated

enate and was adopted in Novemb

amendment was again defeated, as was the am

e elected to the House of Representati

Anthony, has written a History of W Suffrage which deals wit

ablished by law in the stat

n War Miss McGee filled the position of assistant surge

t des femmes au travail,

uvrière aux états-Uni

not pay an annual

uvrière aux

ren, Ohio. There, one can also secure Perhaps and Do you Know, two valuable propaganda pamphlets written

y a part of the Australian Federation, it w

l degrees are grant

tional Woman's Suffrage Co

e National Counci

ge in Australia,

dam, 92 Kruiskade, Internatio

kburn, History of Woman

Stopes, "The Sphere of 'Man' in the British Const

land and Scotland, having a popula

's Inn, Strand

obin's novel,

Housman, Feb. 11,

lme Elmy, Women's Franch

tenholme

sessed by women in Sco

ict., c. 21, sec. 4) providing that women enjoy all th

pital cities, is regulated

ng to Engla

s a condition necessary

Women's Property Ac

. Pethick Lawrence in Vote

S.W., 92 Vi

es is given in the programme of April 4, 1909, of the Lond

églementation du t

, "Women and Administration,"

cle of Alice Salm

g women we recommend The Women's Charter of Righ

ons, provincial parliamentary elections,

Woman's Suffrage Alliance

nternational Women's Suffrag

wo arguments ar

r majority; she must always

fe controls her personal earnings, but merely as long as they are in c

rnational Woman's Suffrage Alli

ed to Alcoholism," in One Peopl

emphasizing manual training. A Gymnasium prepares for the universi

tatistics of Labor, V

uffragi, September 15, 1908. This is the organ

d eligible by an official ordin

Politisk Kvindeforening, Landsforbund, Valgretsforenin

roceedings in the Unit

erance of the Germanic element, it will b

ibition of night work made this easy. The same result will follow in the railroad and postal service. Therefore

fly by the "Lette-House," founded in Berli

ere are one millio

ent we recommend The Memorandum-book of the Woman's Rights Move

matters relating to the medical prof

ministrative court in one special case.

uen (Documents concerning

n system of st

ienna, 1903; and of the first, second, and third conferences of th

lyria, Carinthia,

tical reasons Hungary will

e der Frauen,

grants the suffrage ev

d other countries, but such horrors

1848, 1851, 1871

ns of the two women's

éministe, Countess

inisme, Emi

her request was granted. Dr. Popelin did not make her request of the Belgian Chamber of Deput

ocialistic workingwomen's

f the Socialists in S

Hasse, N

ed gallant of a m

ne Weber, Z

rgy-those living in Rome-consent

e der Frauen,

The Woman's Rights

Feminism

e International Suffrage

e International Suffrage

as just bee

s 40,887,509 vedros (1 vedro is 3.25 gallons), which is an increase of 600,185 vedros over the amount consumed during the same months of the preceding year. These figures correspond also to

cle Frauenbewegung (The Woman's Rig

rta Kes, Fra

rning Women (Dokumente de

nslation of the resolutions, the address of the Lord Mayor, and the proceedin

Spri

yed by a workingmen'

ssian Poland here with Galicia,

der Frauen, No

iling in Slavic countries; hence Greece will be treated

first of these was founded by Dr. Hill and his wife, who were Americans. Preparation for entrance to t

h have abolished

, for the romantic "Désenchantées" of P. Lo

crise de l'orie

ogous action of th

ernational Suffrage Con

1

wohl wachsen

ochter mir g

ution (which was abolished in England in 1886). Here again,

(Siam), there is a woman's club wit

rnational Suffrage Confe

tes ses conséquences, dès qu'il la constate, qu'

rnational Suffrage Confe

losed to women. Women attend the Woman's

riber'

s been correct

ormation, inconsistencies in spelling and hyp