History of Modern Europe 1792-1878

Author: Charles Alan Fyffe

Chapter 1 [3]

Word Count: 22899 | Released on: 29/11/2017

of this

iege, p. 90, Vivenot, Quellen zur Geschichte

ichte der Revolu

372. Buchez et Roux

ichte, i. 88. Vivenot,

chichte Oeste

i. 402. Paget, Travel

133, 165. The acquisition of Bavaria was declared by th

and im Achtzehnten J

Friedrich

enberg (Ranke), i. 13

June 19, 1792. Records: Prussia, vol. 151. "He (M?llendorf) reprobated the alliance with Austria, condemning the present interference in the affairs of France as ruinous, and censuring as undignified and contrary to the most important interests of this country the leaving Russia sole arbitress of the fate of Poland. He, however, said, what every Pruss

under the yoke of serfage; stretches of land attached to solitary ill-built farmhouses; in short, a monotony, a dead stillness, spreading over the whole country, an absence of life and activity that quite overcame my spirits. The home of the Mecklenburg noble, who weighs like a loa

p. 116. Rigby, Lette

f this declaration, handed to the British ambass

have passed, they have exercised acts of cruelty, in banishing and severely punishing those persons who, though probably culpable, had yet been left untouched by the Prussian commanders. To such an extent has this been carried that the commander at Verdun would not suffer any Frenchman (emigrant) to pass a night in the town without a special permission." Sept. 21. After the failure of the campaign, Elgin writes of the emigrants: "They every-where added to the cruelties for some of which several hussars had been executed: carried to its extent the vengeance th

h, Prelud

amp that Dumouriez sent the King of Prussia twelve loaves, twelve pounds of coffee, and twelve pou

Werke,

e: he chose the middle of the day, and in the presence of many people posted up a paper in the church, exhorting to a general insurrection. The remainder of this strange production was the description of a v

ll) deny having received one word of detail.... Couriers have been sent this night in every direction to call in all the detachments on the frontiers.... The Government is making every arrangement for quitting Brussels: their papers are already prepared, their carriages ready." ... Then a PS.

ed him to say, blushing, and with evident signs of embarrassment, 'Count Stadion' (Ambassador at London) 'will be able to satisfy the curiosity of the British Minister, to whatever point it may be directed.'" Jan. 20, 1793. Records: Austria, vol. 32. Stadion accordingly informed Lord Grenville of the Polish and Bavarian plans. Grenville expressed his concern and regret at the aggression on Poland, and gave reasons against the Bavarian exchange. To our envoy with the King of Prussia Grenville wrote: "It may possibly be the intention of the Courts to adopt a plan of indemnifying themselves for the expense of the war by fresh acquisitions in Poland, and carrying into

o Parliament, 1793. Mr. Oscar Brownin

umber of their volunteers." 24th March. "At this moment we hear the cannon. The French have just had it cry'd in the town that all the tailors who are making coats for the army must bring them made or unmade, and be paid directly.... They beat the drums to drown the report of the cannon.... You have not a conception of the confusio

Ternaux,

La Justice Révol

to revive this apprehension makes an impression which I am unable, at the first moment, to efface." Lord Yarmouth, from the Prussian camp, Aug. 12, 1793, Records: Army in Germany, 437. "Marquis Lucchesini, the effectual director, is desirous of avoiding every expense and every exertion of the troops; of leaving the whole burden of the war on Aus

e and Lorraine, and in the intermediate parts of the frontier of France. England's indemnity "must be looked for in the foreign settlements and colonies of France.... His Majesty has an interest in seeing the House of Austria strengthen itself by acquisitions on the French frontier. The Emperor must see with pleasure the relative increas

efend Toulon, but broke its engagement. "You will wait on M. Thugut (the Austrian Minister) and claim in the most peremptory terms the performance of this engagement. It would be very offensive to his Majesty that a request made so repeatedly on his part should be neglected; but it is infinitely more so to see that, when this country is straining every nerve for the common cause, a body of troops for the want of which Toulon may possibly at this moment be lost,

re plus de mal qu'elle ne nous a fait par les guerres les plus sanglantes." Briefe, i. 12, 15. Thugut ev

he internal affairs of France, he hoped rather for continued dissension, as facilitating the annexation of French territory by Austria. "Qu'on profite de ce conflit des partis en France pour tacher de se rendre maitre

. They are accompanied by the MS. journal of the Austrian army from Sept. 15 to Dec. 14, each copy apparently with Wurmser's autograph, and by the original letter of the Prussian Minister, Lucchesini, to Lor

i. 181, Vivenot, Her

observe in all the villages where we have been forward forage, etc., in plenty, and all the country cultivated as usual. The inhabitants, however, have retired with the French army; and to that degree that the tract we have lately taken possession of is absolutely deserted.... The execution of Danton has produced no greater effect in the army than other executions, and we have found many papers on those who fell in the late actions treating it with ridicule, and as a source of jo

e letters is irreconcilable with this theory. Lord Elgin, whose reports are used by Von Sybel, no doubt believed that Thugut was playing false; but he was a bad judge, being in the hands of Thugut's opponents, especially General Mack, whom he glorifies in the most absurd way. The other English envoy in Belgium, Lord Yarmouth, reported in favour of Thugut's good faith in this matter, and again

arward: Records: Army in Germany, vol. 440. "All the English are arrested in Ostend; the men are confined in the Capuchin convent, and the women in the Convent des Soeurs Blancs. All the Flamands from the age of 17 to 32 are forced to go for soldiers. At Bruges the French issued an order for 800 men to present themselves. Thirty only came, in consequence

the continuance of English co-operation. Instructions to Lord Spencer, July 19, 1794. Records:

he Narrative of an Officer, printe

Vivenot, Clerfayt, p. 32. "Le Roi de Prusse," wrote the Empress Catherine, "est une méchante bête et

st every part of France, would fairly warrant. We can never hope that the circumstances, as far as they regard the state of France, can be more favourable than they now are. For God's sake enforce these points with all the earnestness which I am sure you will feel upon them." Grenville to Eden, April 17, 1795; Records: Austria, vol. 41. After the failure of the expedition, the British Government made the grave charge against Thugut that while he was officially sending Cl

, with several letters of D'Artois, Charette, and th

537. Buchez et R

he Zauberfl?te, see Springer, Gesc

ivile della To

e task faced by monarchy in the eighteenth century in its struggle against what he justly calls "gli orrori del governo feudale." Nothing but a study of these details of actual life described by eye-witnesses can convey an adeq

from his own generals, still less from the Piedmontese. He accuses them of having chosen to be beat in order to bring about a peace promised in January last." "Beaulieu was more violent than ever against his generals who have occasioned the failure of his plans. He said nine of them were cowards. I believe some of them are ill-affect

absence in Belgium, June, 1794, Cobenzl sent a duplicate despatch, not in cypher, to Vienna. Old Prince Kaunitz, the ex-minister, heard that a courier had arrived from St Petersburg

nnon was much greater than was imagined. I had no idea of the possibility of the extent of such misfortunes as have overwhelmed us" Aug. 17.-"It is scarcely possible to describe the state of disorder and discouragement that prevails in the army. Were I free from apprehension, about the fate of my letter" (he had lost his baggage and his cypher in it), "I should despair of finding language adequate to convey a just idea of the discontent of the officers with General Wurmser. From generals to subalterns the universal language is 'qu'il faut faire la paix, car nous ne savons pas faire la guerre.'" Aug. 18.-"Not only the commander-in-chief, but the greatest number of the generals are objects

), ii. 202. Bulletins in Wie

ns, v

3 to have given up the project of the Bavarian exchange in deference to England. He admitted, however, soon afterwards, that he had again been pressing the King of Prussia to consent to it, but said that this was

ablished a line of spies from Paris to the Belgian frontier. Every one of these persons was arrested by the Revolutionary authorities. Elgin then fell in with the writer of the above, whose name is concealed, and placed him on the Swiss frontier. He was evidently a person thoroughly familiar with both civil and military administration. He appears to have talked to every Frenchman who entered Switzerland; and his reports contain far the best inform

s result could be achieved, the French attack upon the Papal States would be no bad matter. See the instructions to Allvintzy, in Vivenot, Cl

cate, had been taken prisoner, and having been seen to swallow a ball of wax, in which the order was wrapped up, he was immediately put to death and the paper taken out of his stomach." Eden, Jan., 1797; Records: Austria, v

e declaration of a religious war. Every preparation has been made for such

the army exceeds the bounds of belief. Had Bonaparte continued his progress hither (Vienna), no doubt is entertained that he might have entered the place without opposition. That, instead of risking this enterprise, he should have stopped and given the Austrians six days to recover from their alarm and to prepare for defence, is a circumstance which it is impossible to account for." April 12. "He" (Mack) "said that when this place was threatened by the enemy, Her Imperial Majesty broke

ntained in the Preliminaries. Corr. de Napoleon, 2, 497; Hüffer, p.

à Bailleul. Correspondance de Napole

follows;-"Bonaparte, excited by not having slept for two nights, emptied glass after glass of punch. When I explained with the greatest composure, Bonaparte started up in a violent rage, and poured out a flood of abuse, at the same time scratching his name illegibly at the foot of the statement which he had handed in as protocol. Then without waiting for our signatures, he put on his hat in

17. Von Lang, Memoiren, i. 33. It is alleged that the official who drew

ux de Fran?ais autrement que par moyens de fermeté." Thugut, ii. 105.

f Mr. J. Denham and others

spatches,

chichte Russla

rds: Sicily, vol. 44. The news of the overwhelming victory of the Nile seems literally to have driven people out of their senses at Naples. "Lady Hamilton fell apparently dead, and is not yet (Sept 25) perfectly recovered from her severe bruises." Nelson Despatches, 3, 130. On Nelson's arrival, "up flew her ladyship, and exclaiming, 'O God, is it possible?' she

he Italian army: "In the opinion of all here, the greatest general in Europe is the Quartermaster Mack, who was in England in 1793. Would to God he was marching, and here now." Mack, on the other hand, did not grudge flattery to the English:-"Je perdrais partout espoir et patience si je n'avais pas vu pour mon bonheur et ma consolation l'adorable Triumvirat" (Pitt, Gre

ck's own account of the campaign is

, on board of H.M. ship the Vanguard the 20th of December, and Lord Nelson went on the next night by a secret passage into the Palace, and brought off in his boats their Sicilian Majesties and all the Royal Family. It was not discovered at Naples, until very late at night, that the Royal Family had escaped.... On the morning of Christm

tenmord, and Sybel's article ther

at Piacenza, June 23, in Records: Italian States, vol. 58. Bentinck arrived a few days

eapolitan rebels that had chosen to go to Toulon; the others had already been permitted to return to their homes." If this is so, Nelson's pretext that the capitulation had not been executed was a mere afterthought. Helfert is mistaken in calling the letter or proclamation of July 8th repudiating the treaty, a forgery. It is perfectly genuine. It was published by Nelson in the King's name, and is enclosed in Hamilton's despatch. Hamilton's exultations about himself and his wife, and their share in these events, are sorry reading.

enterprises of France." Grenville to Minto, May 13, 1800. Though they felt some regard for the rights of the King of Piedmont, Pitt and Grenville were just as ready to hand over the Republic of Genoa to the Hapsburgs as Bonaparte had been to hand over Venice; in fact, they looked forward to the destruction of t

placed him beyond the allurement of any motives of interest. Attachment to his sovereign and zeal for his God inspired him with the hope and the expectation of conquests. He now found himself under very different circumstances. He found himself surrounded by the parasites or sp

riend, or even as a neuter; and, besides imputing a thousand instances of ill-faith to that Court, relies on the actual alliance made by it with the French Republic by which the King of Sardinia had appropriated to himself part of the Emperor's dominions in Lombardy, an offence which, I perceive, will not be easily forgotten.... I mention these circumstances to show the degree of passion which the Court of Vienna mixes with this discussion." Minto answered Thugut's invective with the odd remark "that perhaps in the present extraordinary period the most rational object of th

ly dictated by a suspicion rankling in his mind that the Netherlands might be made a means of aggrandisement for Prussia. His jealousy and aversion to that Po

the subsistence of the Roman Catholic faith or the extinction of Christianity itself, I preferred, though a Protestant, the Pope to the Goddess of Reason. However, the mind of Baron Thugut is not open to any reasoning of a general nature when it is put in competition with conquest or acquisition of territory." Minto to Grenville, Oct. 22, 1799; Records: Austria, vol. 57. The suspicions of Austria current at the Neapolitan Court are curiously shown in the Nelson Correspondence. Nelson writes to Minto (Aug. 20) at Vienna: "For the

must apologise to your Lordship for the appearance of this despatch" (it is on thin Italian paper and almost ill

sts between the Austrians and Russians is inconceivable. I shall not pretend to offer an opinion on what might be the most advantageous arrangement for the army of Switzerland, but it is certain that none can be so bad as that which at present exists." Colonel Crauford, En

n of Suvaroff and his officers: "The Marshal is entirely worn out and incapable of any exertion: he will not suffer the subject of the indiscipline of his army to be mentioned to him. He is popular with his army because he puts no check whatever in its licentiousness. His honesty is now his only remaining good quality." Records: Army of Switzerland, vol. 80. The elaborate plan for Suvaroff's and Korsakoff'

Lucien Bonaparte, Révolu

, 1800 (28 Plu

s, Feb.

v. 1198. Thugut,

, iv. 268. Bentinck's despatch, June

n so affected as he was when he communicated this transaction to me to-day. I said that these fortresses being demanded as pledges of sincerity, the Emperor should have given on the same principle the arms and ammunition of the army. Baron Thugut added that after giving up the soldiers' muskets, the clothes would be required off their backs, and that if the Emperor took pains to acquaint the world that he would not defend his crown, there would not be wanting those who would take it from his head, and perhaps his head with it. He became so strongly affected that, in laying hold of my hand to express the strong co

s, vii

re des Traités, vi. 6. N

aités de la F

st., Nov

introduced about this time at Paris by Frenchmen returning from Germany, which gave o

itische Zust

, Zehn Jahre Oesterreichischer

ische Zust?nde

e des Vatikanischen

n, i. 257. Seeley

s to be found in the work of Baron Locré, "La Legislation de la France," published at Paris in 1827. Locré was Secretary of the Council of State under the Consulate and the Empire, and possessed a quanti

f local bodies or of individual Conventionalists on mission, not of the law. The Commune of Paris shut up most, but not all, of the churches in Paris. Other local bodies did the same. After the Reign of Terror ended, the Convention adopted the proposal which it had rejected before, and abolished the State salary of the clergy (Sept. 20th, 1794). This merely placed all sects on a level. But local fanatics were still busy against religion; and the Convention accordingly had to pass a law (Feb. 23, 1795), forbidding all interference with Christian services. This law required that worship should

de la Religion, x. 441; Pressensé,

d to Parliament

of dejection that the least observant could not but remark it. He has expressed himself most feelingly upon the unfortunate predicament in which he finds himself. He would welc

ches of this date. The charge of gross personal immorality made against Lombard is brought against almost every German pu

rds: Russia, vol. 175) are full of plans for meeting an expected invasion of the Morea and the possible liberation of the Greeks by

to, i. 16. S

e of the French ambassador. The Austrian title was assumed on August 10, but the publication wa

liament, 28th January,

articles on Hardenberg and Haugwitz i

was become impossible for this country to remain neutral, and that he should unequivocally make known his sentiments to that effect to the King. He added that

0, Beer, 132, 141. Fourn

ieg von 18

spatches,

h were at one time entertained from the immense force which Bonaparte is bringing into Germany

t pitch. The pains which are taken to keep the public in the dark naturally increase the alarm. Not a single newspaper has been delivered for several days past except the wretched Vienna. Gazette. The Emperor is living at a miserable country-house, in order, as people say, that he may effect his escape. Every bark on the Danube has been put in requisition by the Government. The greatest apprehensions prevail on account of the Russians, of whose excesses loud complaints are made. Their arrival here is as much dreaded

with the King of Prussia. His Prussian Majesty was very violently affected by it, and in the first moment of anger ordered M. de Hardenberg to ret

es, p. 58. B

y to produce in a Russian army than in any other, is, when it does make its appearance, most prejudicial, was beginning to manifest itself in various ways. The bread waggo

z had just become joint Fore

omments upon it, is to be seen in Hardenberg, v. 220. B

of the armistice: Harrowby saw Hardenberg that evening. "I was struck with something like irritation in his manner, with a sort of reference to the orders of the King, and with an expression which dropped from him that circumstances might possibly arise in which Prussia could look only to her own defence and security. I attributed this in a great degree to the agitation of the moment, and I should have pushed the question to a point if the entranc

toire des Cab

388; viii. 47

ce de Napole

n from the page in our print copy. A [***]

alter the [***] astonished to fall in with the retreating army; Gower was too far in [***] General Ramsay unfortunately went off on that very day to get some [***] no Englishman witnessed the awful destruction that took [***] that reached England, quite misrepresented [***] decisive one. Pitt actually thought at first [***] to his policy, and likely to encourage [***] as December 20th the following [***] "Even supposing the advantage of [***] must have been obtained with a loss which cannot have left his force in a condition to contend with the arm

, probably, that I was an advocate for the acquisition of Hanover, but I wished it upon terms honourable to both parties. I thought it a necessary bulwark to cover the Prussian dominions, and I thought that the House of Hanover might have been indemnified elsewhere. But now,' he added, 'j'abhorre les moyens infames par lesquels nous faisons cette acquisition. Nous pourrions rester les amis de Bonaparte sans être ses esclaves.' He apologised for this language, and said I must not consider it as coming from a Prussian Minister, but from a man who unbosomed himself to his friend.... I have only omitted the distressing picture of M. de Hardenberg's agitation during this conversatio

found that that note had been delivered to you.' 'How,' I said, 'can you be surprised who was the author of the measures that give rise to it?' The only answer I received was, 'Ah! ne dites pas cela.' He observed that it would be worth considering whether our refusal to acquiesce in the present state of things migh

ed to Parliame

or it has been in contemplation to publish an edict prohibiting the public at large from discussing questions of state policy. The experience of a very few days must convince the authors of this measure of the reverse of their expectation, the satires and sarcasms upon their conduct having become more universal than before."-Jackson's Despatch, March 22, id. "On

331. Seele

r Krieg von

s given in Henckel von Donnersmarck, Erinnerungen, with their years of s

15. Hopfner, i. 157. Correspo

390. Hardenbe

onaparte's table and household at Berlin were defrayed by the King of Prussia. Since that period one of the Ministers called upon Stein, who was the chief of the finances, to pay 300,000 crowns on the same account. Stein refused with strong expressions of indignation. The King spoke to him: he remonstrated with his Majes

ap. xii

no answer from him. On the 23rd, the day of the first attack, he took off his coat and waistcoat, put all his stars and ribbons over his shirt, and ran about th

, in Adair, Mission

pt to raise coalitions of half-hearted Governments against France by means of British subsi

e are also Colonel Sonntag's reports, containing curious details about the Russians, and some personal matter

n, vi

known who sent the information, but it must have been some one very near the Czar, for it purported to give the very words used by Napoleon in his interview with Alexander on the raft. It is

Crown Prince had already promised to hand over the fleet. The original English documents, in Records: Denmark, vols. 196, 197, really show that Canning never

los,

23. Seele

umgarten, Geschicht

Exposé, p

ch. 7. Murat was m

rten,

Despatche

i. 133. See

Metternich's paper of December 4, in Beer, p. 516. It seems that Napoleon wished to

rten i

r, ii

nich,

agebüche

. Mémoires du Roi

70. H?usse

472. Gentz, Tagebücher, i. 120, Pelet,

nte et aussi meurtrière." Report of the F

n Schill. Gedichte

iv. 533. Sup. Desp. v

cision, Mai 23, 1806. Parliame

Gentz, Tagebüc

e de Napoleon

on, xxiii. 62, Déc

de Jérome

tary Despatches, vi.

eschichte Spa

v. 268. H?usser, iii.

s captured by the Russians with other of Napoleon's papers during the retrea

nich,

de Jérome

ray, i. 186. Sir R. Wilson,

n des Grafen

211, seq. Se

rreich und Pr

British and Foreign State

February, see S

and the new officers, see Corresp

ig are described in the despatches of Lord Cathcart, who witnessed them in

y-fifth volume of the Correspondence:-To Eugène, June 2, July 1, July 17, Aug. 4; to Maret, July 8; to Daru, July 17; to Berthier, July 23; to Davoust,

en,

Eugène, 1s

nich,

ained in Lord Cathcart's despatch from Kalisc

de Jérome

gust, at the time of our arrival at Frankfort, was 80,000 men. We were entirely unprovided with heavy artillery, the nearest battery train not having advanced further than the frontiers of Bohemia." It was thought for a moment that the gates of Strasburg and Huningen might be opened b

ve an opinion, I have stated that the British Government did not decline treating with Bonaparte." "The Czar said he observed my view of

oreign State

graphie, ed.

oreign State

sh Government, May 1, 1814: "It is a severe violence to my feelings to incur any degree of obligation to an individual whom I so entirely despise. But I feel it my duty not to betray any appearance of a spirit of animosity." To Murat he wrot

's Geschichte Italiens and elsewhere, is, with the alleged secret Treaty, a forgery. My grounds for this statement are as follows:-(1) There was no British envoy at Prague in July, 1813. (2) The private as well as the official letters of Castlereagh to Lord Cathcart of Sept. 13 and 18, and the instructions sent to Lord Aberdeen during August and September, prove that no joint Treaty existed up to that date, to which both England and Austria we

rsally desire the restoration of their ancient Republic. They dread above all other arrangements their annexation to Pie

reagh,

ii. 311, Fünf oder

schichte Russ

tes, xxvii

, Ferdinand, to England, to intrigue against Murat among the Sovereigns and Ministers then visiting England. His own curious account of hi

d occasionally practised till the end of 1818: also the punishment o

niens, ii. 30, Wellington,

on, S.D.

nuscrit de Louis XVIII., p. 463, with his ans

sh and Foreign State Pa

d not pay ￡40 per annum in direct taxes,-so large a sum, that the Charta pro

e Chamber of Peers. The names of the excluded Senators will be found in Vaulabelle, ii. 100;

, in Monit

y immortality, to the beautiful and courageous Grace

ire adressé

of ambassador of a victorious Power and counsellor of a restored dynasty, he bitterly offended the French country-population by behaving like a grand seigneur before 1789, and hunting with a pack of hounds over their young corn. The matter was so serious that the Government of Louis XVIII. had to insist on Wellington stopping his hunts. (Talle

Hungary," by Dr. R. Bright, the eminent physician. His visit to Napoleon's son, th

et Louis XVIII., p. 13. Kluber, ix. 167. Seeley's Stein, iii. 248.

, i. 2; i

on, S.D.

340. Records: Continen

74. Records, id

. Talleyrand, pp. 59, 82,

ate Papers, 1814-15, p

rand,

e Papers, 1814

tradict them. Records:

1814-15, p. 642. Seeley's Stein, i

he report of Marshal Brune, in Daudet, La Terreur Blanche, p. 173, and the striking picture of Marseilles

x, Napoléon à G

graphie, p. 3

he army, in the Moniteur, from the 10th to the 19th of

tiers alleged that Ney said he "would bring back Napoleon in an

gn State Papers,

e Napoleon, xxvi

275. Castlereagh, ix. 512, Wellington, S.D.,

29. The English documents relating to Ferdinand's return to Naples, with the originals of many proclamations, etc., are in Records:

nt, Mémoire sur

, Mémoire

Melito,

; Correspondanc

n after his victory, he writes:-"I really believe that, with the exception of my old Spanish infantry, I have got not only

English from the sea required to be guarded against as much as a defeat of Blücher. The Duke never ceased to regard it as an open question wh

ich, i.

Despatche

2. Maps of projected fronti

. 596. Seeley's

e n'a réellement d'autre Souverain que celui à qui seul appartient en propriété la puissance ... c'est-à-dire Dieu notre Divin Sauveur Jésus Christ, le Verbe du Très Haut, la parole de

istendom. According to Castlereagh, Metternich also thought that "it was quite clear that the Czar's mind was affected," but for the singular reason that "peace and goodwill engrossed all his thoughts, and t

1815-16, iii. 273. Rec

r, ii

covers, with its ap

ia was to have had Genoa. But the fear arising that Russia would not permit Austria's extension to the Mediterranean, an

ben Stein

rand,

te Papers, 18

, iii. 2,

itution and liberal principles,' and all endeavouring to direct the eyes of the independents towards the North.... A copy of the instructions sent to t

components of the Austrian monarchy, viz., Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, etc., would break off and become independent States. But there is not a word in Metternich's writings which shows that thi

arte segrete della polizia Austriaca," consisting of police-rep

. "I had no hesitation in saying that anything which contributed to the good understanding now prevailing between Austria and Naples,

rdinian statesmen than by the Neapolitans. "Apres s'être allié," wrote the Sardinian Ambassador at St. Pe

ville's letters quoted in

ripen into anything likely to make the world better or happier.... I am sure it is better

influence of the English Ambassador. Instructions to A'Court, March 14, 1814, marked "Most Secret"; Records: Sicily, vol. 99. A'Court himself dete

reagh,

at he may extinguish the existing arrangement with impunity, and re-establish one more consistent with the efficiency of the ex

troops was a hundred. The stories of wholesale mas

bution nécessaire," etc. For the general history of the Session, see Duvergier de Hauranne, iii.

s Débats,

lf-confident folly is repeated in

Maréchal N

habitually beaten and despised, is very striking. He urges that when French infantry fight in three ranks, the charge should be made after the two front ranks have fired, without waiting for the third to fire. "The German soldier, formed by the se

leurs trames criminelles, il faut des fers, des bourreaux, des supplices. La mort, la mort seule peut

ome were acquitted on the singular plea that they had become subjects of the

hartran was actually shot. It is stated, though it appears not to be clear, th

old story that there were 70,000 persons in prison is undoubtedly an absurd exaggeration; but the numbers given by the Government, even if true at any one moment, afford no clue to the whole number of imprisonments, for as fast as one person gets out of prison in France in a tim

ux Chambres, 1816, at the begi

Débats, 19 D

on, S.D.

vergier de Hau

ben Stein

richtigung,

ben Stein

ts teachers at that time-a subject that caused such extravagant anxiety to Governments, and so seriously affected the course of political history. It requires some effort to get behind the ridiculous side of the students' Teutonism; but there were elements of reality there. Persons familiar with Wales will be struck by the resemblance, both in language and spirit, between the scenes of 1818 and the religious meetings or the Eisleddfodau of the Welsh, a resemblance not accidental, but resulting from similarity of conditions, viz., a real susceptibility to reli

ch in Bernha

I., ii. 8

agh, xii

n, S.D.,

te Papers, 18

spatch is of the greatest value, bringing out in a way in which no official documents do the conservative and repressive tone of the Conference. The

y to everything Austrian, our whole position, our measures, our language

ich, ii

, iii. 269; an oasis of sense

p. 31. The French original

rated will be my last. If our strivings are to result in anything, if the cause of mankind is to succeed in our Fatherland, if all is not to be forgotten, all our enthusiasm spent in vain, the evildoer, the traitor, the corrupter of youth must die. Until I have executed this, I have no peace;

levée en masse. One of these notes was as follows:-"As soon as a single clergyman is shot" (i.e. by the French) "the thing would come to an end." These

ch, iii.

ich, ii

in Welcker, Urkunden, p. 104, se

ammlung, 8, 266. Nauwerck

chluss-Acte,

State, this would have been an offence against Federal law, and have entitled the Diet-i.e. Metternich-to armed interference. The German State-papers of this time teem with the constitutional distinction between a Representative Assembly (i.e. assembly representing popular sovereignty) an

sman, 1822," which at the same time recommends a systematic underhand rivalry with Austria, in

sche Verfolg

urg beggar to another. 'Where did you eat it?' said his friend, admiringly. 'I never ate it at a

ies about 1824. There is a long list of persons remanded for trial in their several States, in Ilse, p. 595, wit

8; and see Wellingt

from its democratic basis and its association with a great movement of reform, to become the most liberal and enlightened of all Churches, and left France to be long divided between Ultramontane dogma and a coarse kind of

V., son of the Duke of Barry, was bor

ter Radicalism still lives," Castlere

precise meaning of a shout of triumph like those which now burst from Burdett and Co. He may have read of it, but

eschichte Spa

de ces mêmes Puissances ont détruit le système dévastateur, d'où naquit la rébelli

n, S.D.,

écis Histor

vida de Fernand

oires, p. 25; C

scosa

her stupid farmer, whom a freak of fortune had made a king from infancy. A sort of grotesque comic element runs through his life, and through every picture drawn by persons in actual intercourse with him. The following, from one of Bentinck's despatches of 1814 (when Ferdinand had just heard that Austria had promised to keep Murat in Naples), is very characteristic: "I found his Majesty very much afflicted and very much roused. He expressed his determination never to renounce the rights which God had given him.... He said he might be poor, but

ign State Papers

the course of events had not the

Note of April 18. B. and

Debates, N.S

e mettre au fait de ces tristes circonstances. Depuis que je le connais, je ne l

eagh, x

Our fire-engines were not full in July, othe

chelieu's action as disagreeable but not fatal. "Ces pruderies politiques sont sans doute lacheuses.... La Russie, l'Autriche, et la Prusse, heureusement libres encore dans leurs mouvements, et assez puissantes pour soutenir ce qu'elles arrê

rs of reaction to create a definitive agreement among the monarchs to intervene against popular changes in other States, and that the principles of any operative league planned by Alexander in 18

eagh, x

month in his possession, and suggests that he would never have protested at all but for the unexpected disclosure of the circular in a German newspaper. As a matter of fact, the first English protest against the Troppau doctrine, expressed in a memorandum, "très long, très positif, assez dur même, et assez tranchant dans son langage," was handed in to the Congress on December 16 or 19, along with a very unwelcome note to Mette

aibach. "Les Gouvernements de France et d'Angleterre auraient fortement insisté sur l'introduction d'un regime constitutionnel et représentatif, régime

ere disinterestedness in private life, and one of the few statesmen of the time who did not try to make money by politics. His ambition, which was very great, rose

30. Bianchi, Di

nti, iii. 46. Silvio Pellic

tate Papers

rten,

espatches, N

et Louis XV

gton,

de Haurann

rity for the history of the Congress. Canning's celebrated speech of April, 1823, is an effective ex parte composition rather than a historical summary. The reader who goes to the originals will be struck by the im

paix avec beaucoup de peine; mais là où nous ne sommes pas, on massacre, on br?le, on pill

persons coming under the law had to send in detailed evidence of correct conduct in and since 1820, signed by some well-known royalists. But the committees also accepted any l

da de Fernando VI

l Rey Ferna

ersecuted and sacrificed; the venerable successor of St. Peter has been outraged; the temples of the Lord have been profaned and destroyed; the Holy Gospel depreciated; in fine, the inestimable legacy which Jesus Christ gave in his last supper to secure our eternal felicity, the Sacred Host, has been tro

e relating to Spain I can find no first hand authorities for the judicial murders of these years. Nothing relating to the subject was permitted to be printed in Spain for many years afterwards The work cited in this note, though bearing a French title, and p

gained any experience in foreign affairs. He had learned to understand me. He was devoted to me in heart and spirit, not only from personal inclination, but from conviction. I awaited him here as my second self." iii. 391. Metternich, however, was apt to exaggerate his i

tical Life of C

gton,

., 12th D

Canning, i. 134.

lasse (Oste

good scholars to have proved that the old Greek race had utterly perished. More recent inquiries have discredited both Fallmerayer and his authorities, and tend to establish the conclusion that, except in certain limited distri

Griechische

t in the age preceding the Greek revolution. Thus, in the fine ballad ca

following has been tran

pneumatikon na

a krimata osa

rmatolos, c'eico

the sins that I have committed, thirty years an Armatole an

nder Ottoman Dom

nau-Bulgar

t in their dealings with foreign nations they had only to rec

agmateia peri ton phanarioton, p. 7

a, begun in 1805, and published at the expense of the brothers Zosimas of Odessa Most of the editions published by Koraes bear on their title page a statement of the patriotic purpose of the work, and indicate the persons who bore the expense. The edition of the Ethics, published immediately after the massacre of Chios, bears the affecting words 'At the expense of those who have so cruelly suffered in Chios.' The costly form of these editions, some of which contain fine engravings, seems somewhat inappropriate for works intended for national instruction. Koraes, however, was not in a hurry. He thought, at least towards the close of his life, that the Greeks ought to have gone through t

hte des Osmanische

tres Inédites, p. 464. This memoir, read by Koraes to a learned society in Paris, in Jan

hich the Patriarch at last breaks out into doggrel, has found its way to the British Museum. It was answered by Koraes. For the effect of Rhegas' songs on the people, see Fauriel

n Northern Greec

145, from the papers of Hypsilanti's brother. Othe

eek Revolu

tate Papers

ssohn, Geschichte Griechenlands, i. 191;

kewh-Ostett, i. 231, 303. B. a

Contine

iii. 16; Mette

egaesis Symbanton, p. 82; Tricoupis, (Tr

inlay, i. 330; Me

ent Francis after him with this important letter, which he received at a spot where the name of the Capitan Pasha had probably never been heard before. The prince soon came back to me; and (pia

e Papers, xii. 902. Stapleton, Canning, p. 496

Russische Verschw?rung, p. 106; Mendelssohn,

ch, iv. 161, 212, 320, 372; Willington, N.

xiv. 632; xvii. 20; We

ould the Allies "prevent, in so far as might be in their power, all collision between the contending parties," which, in the very same clause, they undertook to do? And what was the meaning of the stipulation that they should "transmit instructions to their Admirals conformable to these provisions"? Wellington himself, before th

]. Admiralty Despatches, Nov. 10,

ichte der Tü

rkische Feldzug, p.

tria was to have had Bosnia and Servia; Prussia was to have had Saxony

rope by Treaty, ii.

on, N. S

Graf Capodi

rs, xvii. p. 132. Pr

; Capodistrias, p. 272. B. a

574. Duvergier d

ex-Minist

t, p. 7. Odilon Barrot, i. 105. Sarrans, Lafayette, i. 217. Berard,

elge, i. 85. Congrè

rnich, v. 44. Hillebrand, Geschichte Frankreichs, i. 171. Stockmar,

i. 112. Spazier, Geschichte des Aufstandes,

9; L'Empire des Tsars, i. 380.

si, i. 54. La Farina,

nd, Geschichte Frankreichs, i. 206. Haussonville, i. 32. B.

2. Metternich, v. 347. Bied

irations Mazziniennes, p. 53. Metternich,

pers, xviii. 196.

Carlos représente le principe Monarchique aux prises avec la Révolution pure." Mette

. Miraflores, Memorias, i. 39. G

rovinces Basques, p. 58. W

acarregui, i. 93. Burgos, Anale

ii. 56. Mehmed Ali, p. 17. Hillebrand, i. 514 Metterni

ace it might again become a respectable Power. "All that we hear about the decay of the Turkish Empire and its bei

188. Prokesch-Osten, Mehmed Ali, p. 89. Palmerston, ii. 356.

en ihn ni

n Deutsch

he much finer song "Die Wacht am Rhein" were also written at this time-by Schneckenbur

Corresp. Politique, p. 24

ame tax-free. The attempt of the Government to abolish this latter injustice evoked a storm of anger in the Diet of 1825, and stil

Gerando, Esprit Public, 173. Kossuth, Gessammelte Werke

. Metternich, vii. 196. Cracow, which had been made an independent Republic by the Congress of Vienna, was n

p. 17. Ranke's F. W, IV. in Allg. Deutsch

iii. 194. Parl. Papers, 1847. M

850), ii. 78; Pillersdorff, Rückblicke, p. 22; Reschauer, Das Jahr 1848, i. 191; Sprin

n which he wrote numerous memoranda, for whose use it does not appear. Even on the outbreak of war with France in 1859 he was still busy with his pen. He survived long enough to hear of the battle of Magenta, but was spared the sorrow of witnessing the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He died on the 11th of

n Ministeriums, i. 27; Irányi et

1848 et 1849 p. 72. Cattaneo, Insurrezione di Milano, p. 29. Parl.

. 14. Contarini, Memoriale Veneto, p. 10. Rovani, Ma

Stato Romano, ii. 16. Parl. Papers, 1849, l

e, p. 16. Stahr, Preussische Revolution, i. 91. S. Stern, Geschichte des Deutschen Vol

ion with Bassermann Frederick William at a later time described his ride through Berlin

Schleswig-Holstein, p. 25. Schleswig-Holstein, Uebersichtliche D

ung, i. 25. Biedermann Dreissig Jah

s Historiques, i. 135. Gamier Pagès, Révolution de 1848, vi 108,

Normanby, Year of Revolution, i. 389. Granier de Cassagnac, Chute de Louis Phili

, 24. Granier de Cassagnac, ii. 1

kblicke, p. 68; Nachlass, p. 118. Reschauer, ii. 176. Dunder

arini, ii. 9. Parl.

Parliamentary Papers, id. 332, 472, 597. Contarini, p. 67. Azeglio, Operazioni del Du

refused to acknowledge the armistice, and detach

der the Hungarian Crown in virtue of ancient rights, though since its annexation in 1797 it had been gov

ger, ii. 281. Adlerstein, Archiv, i. 166. Helfert, ii. 255. Ir

d to have been narrated to Kossuth by the latter. If authentic, this certainly proves Jellacic to

á, Erinnerungen, p. 30. Irányi et Chas

. 56. Codex der neuen

p. 77. Springer, ii. 520. Vitzthum, p. 143. Kossuth, Schriften (1881), ii. 284.

esetze, i. 37. He

elfert, ii. 207. Bratiano et Irányi, Lett

t, iv. 199; G?rgei, Leben und Wirke

r in Hungary, i. 23. Irányi et C

gei, ii. 378. Kossuth, Schriften (1880), ii

lviii. (2) 117. Bianchi, Diplomazia, vi. 67.

tica Austriaca, p. 134. Lamarmora, Un Episodie, p. 175. Portafogli

Rome, p. 12. Bianchi, Diplomazia, vi. 213. Guerzoni, Garibaldi, i. 266. Granier de Cass

Manin, p. 37. Gennarelli, Governo P

owitz, Werke, iii. 369. Briefwechsel Friedrich Wil

rnst II., Ausmeinem Leben, i. 313. Biedermann, i. 306. Beseier,

184. Wagener, Erlebtes, p. 28. Sta

n either its duties as an ally or its duties as a member of t

4225. Haym, Deutsche National Versammlung, i

er, p. 82. Helfert, iv. (3) 390,

eseler, 87. Biedermann, i. 389. Wagener, Politik

95, 6886. Haym, in. 185. Ba

. 114; ii. 143. Biedermann

5, 69. Konferenz der Verbundeten, 1850, pp. 26, 53. Beust, Erin

e, ii. 1106, 1129, 1151. Parl. Papers, 18

21. Granier de Cassagnac, Chute de Louis Philippe, ii. 128; Récit comple

-Minister, i. 402; the last probably inaccurate. Diplomatic Study of the Crimean War, i. 11. This work is a Rus

142. Lane Poole, Stratf

i. 55. Diplomati

Papers,

02. Admitted in Dipl

to master his prepossessions on this subject, expressed the same view. He wrote on November 24, 1850, warning Reschid Pasha "the Turkish Empire is doomed to fall by the timidity and irresolution of its Sovereign and of its Ministers; and it is evident w

53, 339. Lane Poole,

y, but naturally exercised great influence in forei

10, ii. 116. Ashley'

Papers

pers, ii.

ers, ii. 20

general defensive alliance, covering also the case of Austria incurring attack through an advance into the Principalities. I

All direct help which England in unchristian folly!!!!!! gives TO ISLAM AGAINST CHRISTIANS! will have (besides God's avenging judgment {hear! hear!}) no other effect than to bring what is now Turkish territory at a somewhat

to accede, contained, however, a clause pledging the contracting parties "unde

Papers,

which had been in possession of the mouths of the Danube since the Treaty of Adrianople, and had undertaken to keep the mouths clear, had

Times, August 4, 1868, in Kinglake, iv.

, Lucan, Cardigan; K

deemed me worthy to be, in the best sense of the word, his (Nicholas') friend, and to remain true to him. You, dear Bunsen, thought differently of him, and you will now painfully confess this before your conscience, most painfully of all the truth (which all your letters in these late bad times have unfortunately shown me but too plainly), that you hated him. You hated him, not as a man, but as the re

vol. 55, p. 1, Dec. 2, 1854.

apers, Pa

. 21. Rousset

. 361. Martin, Princ

tled, and it became necessary to revise the Treaty of Jul

e presence of insurmountable difficulties, they appealed to the personal intervention of this sover

gratulatory address of the Missionaries to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, id. 1882.-"The Imperial Hatti-sheriff has convinced us that our fond expectations are likely to be realised. The light will shine upon those who have long sat in darkness; an

Treaty. Parl. Papers

rt, iii. 452. Poole,

La Rive, Cavour, p. 58. Cavour, L

, i. 412. Manin, the Ex-President of Venice, now in exile, declar

; iii. introd. p. i. Bianchi, Diplomazia, vii. 1,

delle sue stanze; 'Perisca il mio nome, perisca la mia fama, purche l'Ital

e interview with Garibaldi; Cavour, Letiere, id

a, viii. II. The statement of Napoleon III. to Lord Cowley, in M

gnant letter to Napoleon. The last paragraph of this seems t

Bianchi, Diplomazia, vii. 61. Massari, Cavour, p. 314. Parliamentary Papers, 1859,

. 172. Parliamentary Paper

mazia, viii. 145, 198. Massari, Vittorio Emanuele, ii. 32. Kossuth, Memories p. 394. Parl. Pap. 1

y under Victor E

chi, viii. 180. Garibaldi, Epist., i. 7

que, p. 354. Bianchi, Diplomazia, viii. 256. Par

Parlamen

, Epist., ii. 324. Guerzoni, ii. 23. Parliamentary Papers,

rina, Epist., ii. 336. Bianchi, Politiqu

erred to Cavour's saying, "If we did for ourselves what we are doing for Italy, we should be sad blackguards," and begged Persano to let his se

o, iii. 61. Bianchi, Diplomazia, v

ambassador at London, Nov. 16, in Bianchi, Politique, p. 386.

rrespondance Politique, p. 180. La Rive,

iesa in libero stato' Ce furent ses dernières paroles." Account of the d

p. 669. Schulthess, Europaischer

ndestag ii. 69, 97; iv. 17

by Bismarck himself but on all the principal matters in which Bismarck was concerned. It is perhaps,

reichs (1861), pp. 2, 33. Drei

garische Reichstag 1861, pp. 3, 194, 23

, L'Empire des Tsars, i. 400. Homme d'ét

Pologne, p. 14. B. and F. S

, Homme d'état

dl des Preuss, Abgeo

4, vol. lxiv. pp. 28, 263

uttered by Bismarck. Bismarck's account of the conversation (id. 80) tones it down to a d

, 1863-4, p. 173. Beus

mbassador at Paris in 1862, gives this as the explanation of Napoleon's policy in 1864. The Commercial Treaty with Prussia and friendly per

1, 318. Oesterreichs

te Papers, 18

aty Italy was required to declare war not only on Austria but on all German Governments which should join it. King

piú di luce, p.

ahn, Zwei Jahre, p. 60. O

and other territory in North Germany to Prussia; the establishment of several small States on the Rhine under French protection; the dispossessed German princes to be compensated in Roumania. La Marmora, p. 228. Napoleon III. was pur

41. Prussian Staff, Campai

on en Prusse, p. 186. Reuchlin, v

i. 501

me quite certain, unless various French and Italian documents unconnected with one another are forgeries from beginning to end. On the outbreak of the war of 1870 Bismarck published the text of the draft-treaty discussed in 1866 providing for an offensive and defensive alliance between France and Prussia, and the seizure of Belgium by France. The draft

nisse, p. 4. Ausglei

Ministry for its own separate finance. Thus the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the

y French agents in Germany. Rotha

espondenzen des K.K. Minist. des Aüssern, 1868

t see the controversy between Beust and

torical expressions belong to Mentana: the "Never," of M. Rou

poleon had resolved to make war on Prussia and had proposed an alliance to Victor Emmanuel, who had accepted it for the price of Rome. Mazzini offered to employ revolutiona

319, July 7. Gramont, La F

ire Diplomat

69. Sore

amont, in Revue de France, April 17, 1878. (Signed Andreas M

Krieg, 1870-71 (Prussia

'Armée du

u Second Empire (

Emperor Frede

had never stated anything of the kind. His proclamation on entering France, to which Favre appears to have referred, merely said that

4. Bazaine, p. 166. Procès de Bazaine, vol.

vernement de la Défense Nationale, ii. 51

6, vol. lxxxiv