. It was thought by some scientists that all the great discoveries had been made, and that all that remained was careful work in applying the great principles that had been d

entions, but handed down to the twentieth century a series o

-Sh

avel, and the wind lost its terrors. Late in the eighteenth century men learned to sail through the air in balloons even more at the mercy of the wind than the sailing vessels on the ocean. Mo

e balloon could rise and carry a load. Beneath the grate was a wicker car for the men. They were supplied with straw and fagots with which to feed the fire. When they wanted to rise higher they added fuel to heat the air in the balloon. When they wished to descend they allowed the fire to die out, so that the air in the balloon would cool. They could not guide the balloon, but dr

y six miles one of the men became unconscious. The other tried to pull the valve-cord to allow the gas to escape, but found that the cord was out of his reach. His hands were frozen, but he climb

f compressed oxygen. Then when the air becomes so thin and rare t

. It is connected to the ground by a cable. This cable is wound on a drum carried by th

rs of cotton cloth with vulcanized rubber between. The cotton clot

d cubic feet. A balloon holding thirty-five thousand cubic feet of coal gas will easily lift the car and three persons. The lightest gas is hydrogen. This gas will lift about seventy pounds for every thousand cubic feet. Hydrogen is

his the aeronaut has no control over its movements. The balloon moves with the wind. No breeze is felt, for balloon and air move together. To the aeronaut the ba

is usually long and pointed like a spindle or a cigar. It is built to cut the air, just as a rowboat built for speed is long and pointed so that it may cut the water. The propeller acts like an electric fan. An electric fan drives the air before it, but the air pushes back on the fan just as much as the fan pushes fo

AIR-SHIP "NULLI SECUN

PROPELLER OF THE BRITISH AR

of the air that would fill the same space the balloon fills. The balloon can support a load that makes the whole weight of the balloon and its load together equal to the weight of the air that would fill the same space. For the ballo

orage battery that would be required. Air-ships have been propelled by both steam-engines and electric motors, but with low speed because of the weight of the

, in 1885, by Captain Renard, of the French army. It was a cigar-shaped balloon, with a screw propell

,000, which had been offered to the builder of the first air-ship that would sail round the Eiffel Tower i

r was used, and thus it is seen that the automobile aided in solving the problem of sailing through the air. It was the automobile that led to the construction of light and powerful gasolene motors. The car and motor were suspended from the balloon by means of piano wires, which at a short distance

in place by aluminum rings twenty-four feet apart. The balloon contains about 108,000 cubic feet of gas, and it costs about $2500 to fill it. One filling of gas will last about three weeks. There are two cars, each about ten feet long, five feet wide, and three feet deep. The cars are connected by a narrow passageway made of aluminum wires and plates, making a walking distance of 326 feet-longer than the decks of many ocean steamers. A sliding weight of 300 kilograms (about 600 pounds) serves the same purpose as the guide-ropes in the Sa

ZEPPELIN

me as a regular passenger air-ship between Friedrichshafen and Düsseldorf, a distance of three hundred miles. The Deutschland was wrecked in a storm on June 28, 1910, but it was successfully operated long enough to give Germany the honor of esta

TSCHLAND," THE FIRST AIR-SHIP

AIR-SHIP USED IN T

by Pictori

Aero

so causes an artificial breeze to blow against the kite. In much the same way a hovering bird is held aloft by the wind. In a dead calm the bird must flap its wings to keep afloat. If the kite string is cut the kite tips over and drops to the earth because it has lost its balance. The lifting power of the wind is well shown in the man-lifting kites which are used in the British army service. In a high wind a lar

ght of flying through the air was in their minds. A few years later the death of Lilienthal, who was killed by a fall with his glider in Germany, stirred them, and they took up the problem in earnest. They read all the writings of Lilie

tipped over by the wind, and how to steer it in any direction. This took years of patient work. But the problem was conquered at last, and they attached a motor and propeller to the glider, and had an air-ship under perfect control and with the speed of an express-train. Their

–IN FUL

GHT AIR-SHI

908, by Pict

showing p

AND MOTOR OF TH

Pictorial

t Aeroplane I

ground. Suppose the side R starts to fall. The corners a and e are raised by the operator while b and f are lowered, thus twisting the planes, as shown in the dotted lines of the figure. The side R then catches more wind than the

WRIGHT AIR-SHI

driven aeroplane is balanced by the warping

n, is thus drawn toward a and pulls down the corner b. Thus a is raised and b is lowered. At the same time rope 4 turns the rear rudder to the left, as shown by the dotted lines, thus forcing the side R against the wind. Of course, if the left side of the machine starts to fall, the rope 3 is pulled toward the right, and all the movements take place in the opposite direction. The ropes a

d because it moves faster than the inner wing, and therefore ha

s is that of Blériot (Fig. 98). The Blériot monoplane was the first flying-machine to cross the English Channel. This machine is controlled by a single lever mounted with a ball-and-socket coupling, so that it can move in any direction. When on the

HE BLéRIO

by M. Brau

mar

ne, was a reality at the beginning of the twentieth century. Instead of twenty thousand leagues under the sea,

tehead fish torpedo, invented in 1866, is self-steering. At the head of the torpedo is a pointed steel firing-pin. When the torpedo strikes a ship or any rigid object this steel pin is driven against a detonator cap which is in the centre of the charge of dynamite. The blow causes the cap to explode, and the explosion of the cap explodes the dynamite. The torpedo is so arranged that it cannot explode until it is about thirty yards away from the ship from which it is fired. The steel pin cannot strike the cap until a small "collar" has been revolved off by a propeller fan, and this requires a distance of about thirty yards. The screw propeller is driven by co

t see in the water to find its enemy. The torpedo-boat-destroyer is able to destroy a submarine by means of torpedoes, shells full of high

hile the submarine when under water cannot be seen from a ship on the surface,

ion below the surface. The best submarines can travel at the surface like an ordinary boat, or "awash"-that is, jus

hs more than the boat, then the upward push of the water is greater than the weight of the boat and the boat rises. However, the boat can be made to dive when its weight is just a little

lling the boat under water also interferes with the action of the compass, because of its magnetic field. The gy

and some submarines are lowered by means of a vertical screw. Just as a horizontal screw propels a vessel forward, so a vertical screw will propel it downward. When the submarine wishes to rise, it may do so by the action of its rudder, or the water may be

–THE "P

Pictorial

UBMARINE "SHARK"

Pictorial

IN UNITED STATES. IT WENT TO THE BO

Pictorial

n go out through the bottom of the boat, walk about on the sea bottom, and when through with their work re-enter the boat; all the while boat and men are, perhaps, a hundred feet below the surface. The divers' compartment, from which the divers go out into the water, is separated by an air-tight

e the depth is increased thirty-two feet the pressure is increased fifteen pounds on every square inch. Beyond a certain depth the vessel cannot resist the pressure. Submarines h

compressed air or oxygen, or by means of chemicals which absorb the carbon diox

means of the periscope. This is an arrangement of lenses and mirrors in a tube bent in two right angles, which projects a short distance above the surface and

N A SUBMARINE SEE

ng Tops tha

l right itself. If the top is struck toward the south it will not bow toward the south but toward the east or west. In throwing a quoit, the quoit must be given a spinning motion or the thrower cannot be certain how it will alight. A coin thrown up with a spinning motion will not turn over. The quoit an

e to change its direction. The spinning top is a beautiful illustration of this principle. The top that is most useful is the gyroscope top (Fig. 103). It is mounted on pivots so arranged that the top can turn in any direction within the frame that supports it. If the top is set spinning one may turn the frame in a

OP THAT SPIN

-wheel is only a large top. It spins with a steady motion, and because of its larger size it is very much harder to overturn than a toy top. The fly-wheel in the ship resists the rolling forc

its direction unchanged, and as the torpedo turns one way or the other the gyroscope acts upon one or the other of two valves connected with the compressed-air chambers from which the screws of the torpedo are driven. The air thus set f

onora

the air is pumped out. The wheel will run much more easily in a vacuum than in air, for the air offers very great resistance to its motion. The wheels are placed one on each side of the car with their axles horizontal. When the car starts to fall the spinning gyroscopes right it much as a spinning top rights itself if tipped to one side by a blow. If the wind tips the car to the left the gyroscopes incline to the right until the car is again upright. If

AR THAT RUNS

an's full-s

spin in a north and south direction, no matter how the ship may turn. It is even more reliable than the compass, for it is

and the G

f the mountain-top. Men wondered what would happen if air could be made colder than the frost of winter, but knew not how to

h as we now use in an ice-cream freezer. In time men learned other ways

imply air that is so cold that it becomes a liquid just as steam when cooled forms water. Steam has only to be coo

for these metals are made stronger by the extreme cold of liquid air. There would be no air to breathe. Oceans and rivers would be frozen solid, and the air would form a liquid ocean about thirty-five feet deep. This ocean of li

the two walls being filled with felt. The felt protects the liquid air from the heat of the a

two walls of the flask is a vacuum. Now a vacuum is the best possible protection against heat. If we were to take a bottle full of air and pump out from the bottle all except about a thousandth of a millionth of the ai

all snow-storm of frozen air in the mouth of the flask. But even this is not the greatest cold. The liquid hydrogen may be frozen, forming a hydrogen snow w

urnace and the

ever, that the temperature of the hottest part of the arc is not less than 6500 degrees Fahrenheit. When we compare this with the temperature of the hottest coal furnace, whi

and any substance placed in the furnace may be made nearly as hot as the arc itself. In the electric

a glass tank filled with water, Moissan set out to change the charcoal to diamonds. At a temperature of more than six thousand degrees the iron and charcoal were melted together. For a time of from three to six minutes the mixture was in the intense heat. Then the covering of the furnace was removed and the crucible with the melted mixture dropped into the tank of water. With some fear this was done for the first time, for it was not known what would happen when such a hot object was dropped into cold water. But no explosion occurred, only a violent boiling of the wat

CTURING DIAMOND

iron ore placed in a crucible and su

TURING DIAMONDS-

rnace

CTURING DIAMOND

water. Observe the white-hot car

es that before were too costly for general use. One of the best known of these substances is aluminum. With the discovery of the electric-furnace m

he acetylene light; carborundum, a substance almost as hard as diamond; and phosphorus, which is used in making the phospho

eless T

pping of an electric spark is heard in one of the cabins. Soon another vessel steams alongside. The life-boats are lowered and every person is saved. The call for help had gone out over the se

ignal could have been sent, and without such a combination on the second ship the signa

known long before the time of Faraday. Franklin proved that a stroke of lightning is like a spark from an electrical machine, only more powerful. These great discoverers did n

day a wise man among them said he believed there was something besides the sound of the voice with which they could make signals to each other. Another wise man thought upon this matter for some time and brought forth a proof that there is something called light, though no man could see it. Another, wiser and more practical

yden jar, an induction-coil, or as lightning in the clouds, but for hundreds of years this light was unseen. The human eye could not see it, and no artificial eye that would catch electric waves had been invented. A man in England, James Clerk-Maxwell, first proved that there is s

th part remained. The bulb was then sealed at the tip and made air-tight. We say the space inside is a vacuum. If the bulb is broken there is a loud report as the air rushes in. Is the bulb really empty after the air is pumped out? Is anything left in the bulb around the carbon thread? Turn on the electric current and the carbon thread becomes white hot. The light from the white-hot carbon thread goes out through the vacuum. There is nothing in the vacuum that we can see or feel or handle, but something must be there to carry the light from the carbon thread. The light of the sun comes to the earth through ninety-three million miles of space. Is there anything between the earth and the sun through which this light can pass? Light, we know, is made up of waves, and we cannot think of waves going through empty space. There must be somethi

ange as it may seem. Red light will not go through blue glass. Blue glass holds back the red light, but lets the blue lig

ctric waves. These short waves affect our eyes, but the longer electric waves do not. We are daily receiving the wireless-telegraph waves from the sun, which we call light. Electric waves use

ected in a circuit with a battery and a galvanometer. The filings have so high a resistance that no current flows. The waves from an electric spark, however, affect the filings so that they allow the current to flow. The electric wav

There was needed the practical man who should combine the parts, improve details, and apply the wireless telegraph to actual use. This was the work of Guglielmo Marconi. In 1894, at the age o

WIRELESS-TELEGRAPH SENDIN

the sound of the voice goes through a speaking-tube. In the wireless telegraph the electric waves go out through space without any wire to guide them. The light and heat waves of the sun travel to us through milli

sending instrument what the sounding-board is to a violin. It is needed to increase the strength of the waves. In the wireless telegraph some wires must be used. It is called wireless because the stations are not connected by wires. The antenna for long-distance work consists of a network of overhead wires. When the key is pressed a rapid succession

F WIRELESS-TELEGRA

ment and a tapper. One end of the coherer is connected to the earth and the other to a vertical wire like that used for the transmitter. The electric waves weld the filings in the coherer, and this closes the fi

RCONI WIRELESS-TELEGRA

nd circuit would take the place of the electric bell. In the circuit as shown here

lished in all the cities of Great Britain, only one message could be sent at one time, and all stations but o

ake a message only from a sending instrument with which it is in tune. It is possible, therefore, for any number of wireless-telegraph stations to operate at the same time, the waves crossing one another in all

able was the receiving apparatus, made very sensitive, and including a telephone receiver. A wire led out of the window to a huge kite, which the furious wind held four hundred feet above him. One kite and a balloon used for supporting the antenna had been carried out to sea. He held the telephone receiver to his ear for some time. The critical time had come for which he had worked for years, for which his three hundred patents had prepared the way, and for which his co

balloons. Of course, the wireless instruments on the flying-machine cannot be connected to the ground. Instead of the ground connection there is a second antenna.-one antenna on each side of the spark-gap. While in the ordinary wireless instruments the discharge surges back and forth betwee

t ten horse-power, or a thousand times as much as with the wire telegraph. This is because in the wireless telegraph the waves go out in all directions, and much of the power is wasted. In the wire telegraph the electric waves are directed along the

on a dark night one can see nothing, but can hear only the terrific snapping of the electric discharge. The camera, however, shows that light goes out

eless T

failed. While one is talking over the wire telephone a current (alternating) must be flowing over the line wire. The sound of the voice does not make and break the circuit, but changes the strength of the current. This alternating current is wonderfully sensitive. It can vary in the rate at which it alternates or the number of alt

of electric waves flows when the key is pressed and stops when the key is released. We have an interrupted stream of electric waves. But an interrupted stream of waves cannot be used for a wireless telephone any more than an interrupted current can be used for a wire-telephone. There must

EIVER OF BEL

a in wireles

an electric battery. The wireless-telephone receiver must not make and break a circuit, but it must be sensi

, having written his thesis for that degree on the subject of electric waves. He then entered the employ of the Western

n induction-coil connected to a telephone receiver, then when a stream of electric waves comes along there is a click in the receiver. The waves change the resist

AME IS SENSITIVE

is the distinguishing feature of the De Forest wireless telegraph and wireless telephone. The metal filament is made white hot by the current from a storage battery. The vacuum in the bulb is about the same as tha

in 1908. Every ship in the navy was equipped with the wireless telephone, enabling the Admiral to talk with the officers

RD THE U. S. BATTLE-SHIP "CONNECT

the Alterna

d motor that water-power could be used at a great distance. If a hundred years ago a man had said that the time would come when a waterfall could turn the wheels of a mill a hundred miles away he would have been laughed at. Yet this very thing has come to pass. Indeed, one wat

used supplying an alternating current at a pressure of 22,000 volts, the current alternating or changing direction twenty-five times per second. Such a pressure is too high for the motors and electric lights, but the current is carried at high pressure to the place where it is to be

rrent in the secondary coil. Each time the magnetic field of the primary coil is reversed the current in the secondary changes direction. Thus an alternating current in the primary induces an alternating current in the secondary. One of these coils is of fine wire, which is wound a great many times around the iron. The other is of coarser wire wound only a few times around the iron. Suppose the current is to be changed from high pressure to low pressure. Then the high-pressure current from the line is made to flow through the coil of many turns, and a current o

at no current can enter it from any other coil or wire, and yet the lamp can be lighted. This can be done only by means of an alternating current. If the coil to which the lam

C LAMP LIGHTED THOUGH NOT CON

und it, and if the lamp-coil is brought into this changing magnetic field an alternating current will flow through the coil and the lamp. The insulation on the lamp-coil does not pre

re insulated so that no current can flow from one coil to the other. When an alternating current and transformers are used, the current that lights the lamps in the hou

gth (Figs. 115 and 116). Though this current is caused to flow by a pressure of millions of volts, it may be taken with safety through the human body. Strange as it may seem, the safety of this current is due to the high pressure and the rapidity with which it changes direction. While the current used at Sing Sing in executing criminals has a

RESSURE OF 12,000,000 VOLTS, A CURREN

IC DISCHARGE SIXTY-

s and

ntgen, of the University of Würzburg. This light, which Professor Roentgen named X-rays, is given out when an electric discharge at hi

a. On developing the plates a picture of a key appeared on one of them. He was greatly puzzled at first, but after a search for the key found it between the leaves of the book. The strange light from the electric discharge in the glass tube had passed through the book and the hard-rubber slide of the plate-holder and made a shadow-pictur

AMINING THE BONES OF TH

AY PHOTOGRAP

ger black circle. The smaller black circle

ange things. It gives out heat as well as light; so much heat, in fact, that it is always about five degrees warmer than the air around it. It continues to give out heat at such a rate that a pound of radium will melt a pound of ice every hour. It can probably keep this up for at least a thousand years. If t

TOGRAPH MADE

m the radium goes through the purse and the slid

We have seen how, through the toil of many years and the labors of many men, the great inventions of o

PE

ON IMPORTA

l Nav

-Montgolfier Brot

scension-Rozier

loon-Charles,

English Channel in a b

e balloon-La France, Rena

eroplane-Wright Brothers, Unite

English Channel by an

r passenger service-Coun

icu

d-board and iron shares-J

achine-Andrew Mei

grain-harvesting machine-Cyrus H

harvesters-Mc

to enable men binding the grain to ride with

e introduced-Uni

in-binding device for the reaper

Slusser, Unite

vesters-M. L. Gorham

reaper-Lock and Wood

Glidden and Vaughn,

vator-Mallon, Uni

W. Foy, Unite

nd thresher-Matteson

ing Harvestor Company

omo

tomobile-Cugno

of power in an automobi

ntly, Germany, 1886. Daimler's invention consisted of a two-cylinder air-cooled motor. It was taken up in 1889, by Panhard and

cy

nchard and Maguri

y bicycle-George W. Mar

quipped with pne

cal Inv

er of magnetic philosophy," first to use the terms "e

or producing electricity by friction-

and insulators-Stephen G

to attempt an explanation of electrical action. He supposed that electricity consists of two fluids which are separate

iscovery was made and the Leyden jar brought to the attention

d-Benjamin F

Luigi Brugnatel

t produced with a battery curren

cted on one wire and oxygen on the other. If the platinum wires were disconnected from the battery and connected with each othe

scovered-H. C. Oers

tic needle for measuring the strength of an

by an electric current-M

ed by heating the junction of two unlike metal

ion produced by an electric curren

otive force divided by resistance of the circuit-George S. Ohm, Germa

of electric currents by means of a mag

rof. S. F. B. Morse,

ram sent in

battery-J. P. Dani

motor-boat-Jaco

l-Rhumkorff,

ctical system-Stearns, Unit

tes in sulphuric acid-Gas

first electrical transmission of s

e laid-Cyrus

net, armature supplies current for the electromagnet as wel

ure for dynamo-Gr

of electromagnetic waves-Cl

four messages over one wire

aph, sensitive to very feeble curren

ractical working telephone-Alexande

of present arc light-Paul

r and Edison working independently, United States, 1877.

m of arc li

c lamp with carbon f

ocomotive-Siemen

ansmitter-Blake, U

ds filled with active mat

Elihu Thompson, U

ed by experiment-Heinri

electric Waves-Edwar

. C. Roentgen, Germany; anno

raphy-G. Marco

electricity when heated is used; it becomes incand

d by Madame Curi

los

ventor and d

ch?nbein, G

erine-Sob

tine-A. Nobel,

. Nobel, F

wder-Vielle,

s and O

rifle barrel-Kost

un-Thornton and Hall,

g barrels so as to rotate upon a spindle by the act o

rupted thread-Chambers

lter Hunt, Unit

ifle-Maynard, Un

atteries first used

nce-Wright and Gould

ting batteries-Theodore T

propelled by steam: the Monitor-J

. J. Gatling, Uni

for revolver-W. C. Dod

head, United

-carriage-Moncri

ck-L. Hailer, Uni

e-Lee, United

-Greener, Unit

o barrel of gun; gun can be fi

for Light

inating purposes-William

ighting in England

. Clegg, En

am over white-hot anthracite coal-

er-gas-Lowe, Uni

ing of modern gas-engine-Ot

tle-Carl A. von Wels

and

inning of iron ind

-furnace-Abram Darby

Henry Cort, En

leable-iron castings-

on furnaces-J. B. Ne

iron-Henry Craufu

ron to burn out carbon, then adding spiegel iron; first p

e heated before being introduced into the furnace, giving a

making steel-Siemens-

ordinary steel, used for armorpla

ni

mp-Sir Humphry Da

-drill-C. Burleigh,

ving a core inside the tube. This core is brought to the surface with a rod, and the powdered rock is washed out by water forced

tog

re, not permanent-Thomas

veloping process-Louis

daguerreotype process-Prof. J.

photography-Scott A

l films-Melhuish

graphy-Dr. J. M

r in gelatine, basis of present rapid p

for plates-William Schm

in

in Europe and first printing-pre

-press-Blaew,

importance-London W

casts of the type after it is s

paper printed on both sides, 1800 impressio

stereotype plates-H.

00 impressions per hour-R

ound in rolls, both sides printed at on

ress, prints 100,000 eight-page paper

the type, casts the type in lines from molten metal, delivers the lines of type on a galley, and returns the matrices to the

Navi

e world-Papin, River

merica-John Fitch, D

the world, the Clermont-Rober

the Savannah, built at New York-Fir

d on a steamboat-John Ericsso

es adopted for

eamer, the Turbi

e ship, the King Edward-Denny

Power and Lan

with a piston-Denys

the power of steam, pumping wat

gine and condenser-Jam

haul loads on a railroad-Rich

the "Stockton & Darlington"-G

n the United States, the

motives-George Steph

for use on locomotives-

ames Nasmyth,

gauge-Bourdon

. H. Corliss, Un

am-turbine-C. A. Pa

e Indu

ion in weaving, leading to modern weav

James Hargreave

es Cartwright,

us to the cotton industry. The production of cotton increased in five

eaving of patterns-M. J

to the loom-William H

ine-Brunel, E

Elias Howe, Uni

on-John Mercer,

ificial silk-H. de Ch

-Wor

-saw-Miller,

ine-Samuel Benthe

chine-M. J. Brune

w-Newberry,

ar wood forms-Thomas Blan

ine-William Woodworth

ella

safe-Richard Sco

used up to this tim

rver-John Edward

ne-Charles Babbag

States, 1827. Flint and steel were used for

e-engine-Brithwaite and

r-Charles Goodyear,

R. W. Thompson,

fes-Savage, Unit

ery-A. L. Denison,

-made watches-Un

s-Lundstrom,

oodruff, Unite

origin of the typewriter-Alfre

Gardner, Unite

inted and perforated driven into the grou

r-E. G. Otis, Uni

writer-C. L. Sholes,

against the wheels. Air acts against the spring and holds the brake away from the wheels. To apply the brake, air

er-Dr. Brown, Un

ls-F. Wegman, Un

ing-picture mach

N

lane,

ressu

pump

hips,

ermome

current, won

er,

e, 67

go,

edes,

tions

s' princi

ight,

, 101, 1

oons

, mercury

er,

of Syra

xander Gr

ransmit

iot,

le,

ly,

riment, Rum

ls, firs

rer,

in sunl

in steam-e

s, electr

oller

cell,

56,

rest,

manufact

rmatur

atter

ay,

nt,

telegra

, 81, 96, 99,

wound

woun

nd wou

95, 105,

machine, 23

ttery, 53,

harge, two

ent, 50, 69,

action of

by a ma

c furna

icity,

ies o

d of

lighting,

motor, 71

ic pow

c railw

ic wav

gnet, 100

magneti

55, 63,

l discove

e-pu

, 43, 45

eo, 9

with fallin

ani,

meter,

ngine

er,

r, fly-

ing arma

tatio

ty ce

Stephe

cke,

cope,

t,

Joseph,

, 8,

ne,

g of Syrac

-powe

lic pr

cent lig

cato

-coil, 76

n, elect

ators

of the anci

eteenth ce

iment, Fra

es,

n jar

ing-ro

of for

d air

ve, elec

am,

ebur

c field

ts, 8

oni,

Robert,

vapor li

scope

safety l

il car

se,

leon

men,

n's eng

ton

ara,

65, 71,

in,

s engi

cal

m clock

motion imp

graph

le of W

sm,

, 8,

um,

Philip

ay,

tgen

stitutio

rd, 5

cannon exp

y-lam

ropelle

ens,

ng top

gine, 8,

ocomoti

pressu

enson

e batt

on, 97

rines

on-pu

, Robe

aph, 9

less

hone,

less

, inventi

on's

la,

eter, a

edo,

elli,

er, 80, 8

ine,

ty of Pa

y of Pisa

gear,

53, 6

battery,

clock,

-whee

Jame

engin

telegra

aeropla

ys,

elin

E