almost exactly contemporary with the productive middle half of Freneau's long career. That he earned his living by his pen is a matter of incidental interest in American lite

the classics; he had versified parts of Job, the Psalms, and Ossian; he had sketched plans for three epic poems; and he had permanently undermined his health. At eighteen he was studying law, indulging in debate and in philosophical speculation, and was the author of his first published magazine article. In the next few years-the dates are not exactly recorded-he abandoned the law; at one time gave thanks that because of his feeble health he was free from the ordinary

ned to Philadelphia with achieved success as a reply to the friends who had tried to dissuade him from professional writing. There he undertook in 1803 another editorial venture in The Literary Magazine and American Register. From the excited young radical of a half-dozen years earlier, disciple of William Godwin, he had become by some reaction a fulfiller of his pious ancestry. In his statement of principles he made it clear that he would rather be respectable than disturbing in his sentiments. He referred to the recent bold attacks on "the foundations of religion and morality," declared that he would conserve these and proscribe everything that offended against them, and concluded (using the editorial third person): "His poetical pieces may be dull, but they at least shall be free from voluptuousness or sensuality; and his prose, whether seconded or not by genius and knowledge, shall scrupulously aim at the promotion of public and private virtue." Even under the weight of this unmitigated mora

ence, if not with disapproval, by most of the country. The chief tide of composition after the war for independence was controlled by the twin moons of Pope and Addison. The triumph of the English novel had occurred in the twenty-five years after the death of Pope, however, and its influence could not be long unfelt. In fact the six years of controversy which led to the dismissal of Jonathan Edwards from his Northampton church in

reads, and

erself a y

ght whim, the

ind and tur

lass, with s

he wonders

in admirati

Grandison,

placency to novelists in general, and to Sterne in particular: "Our progress resemble

fferent kind was H. H. Brackenridge's "Modern Chivalry" (1792–1793-1797), a rollicking satire on democracy carried on a narrative thread, with about the same right to be termed a novel as Pierce Egan's "Life in London" of a generation later. Different again was G. Imlay's "The Emigrants" (1793), a tale

bers, of woods and vales and caves and precipices, of apparent supernaturalism which was explained away in a conscientious anticlimax, and of the same seraphic heroine and diabolical villain who had played the leading roles for Richardson. It had been developed by Horace Walpole and Mrs. Anne Radcliffe and "Monk" Lewis and finally by William Godwin, who combined all this machinery into a kind of literary

he murders his wife and children and, confessing, is acquitted on grounds of insanity. The horrid chapter of mishaps is explained by the repentant villain, Carwin, a ventriloquist, who accounts for the stupendous wickedness of his achievement by nothing more convincing than an irresistible inclination to practice his talent. "Ormond," of the next year, is a story of f

on mankind the lessons of justice and humanity." He believes in tragic realism on account of the "pity" which it may inspire. As a matter of fact the plague seems rather incidental than integral to the story. It gives rise to the introduction of Arthur Mervyn on the scene and to the long piece of retrospective narrative which occupies all of the first volume. This tells of the experiences of Arthur, three days long, with a consummate villain, Welbeck, just as the sins of the la

i ff.); and Caleb's hard times as a fugitive from a false charge are very similar to Roderick's. In the light of history it seems apparent that Brown was impressed by the book because it was widely popular when he was writing, and that its popularity was due not so much to its merits as to its political timeliness at a moment of revolutionary excitement. Of Brown's th

mountains rising above the clouds." This suggests the steady craftsmanship of Anthony Trollope with his thousand words an hour. Yet he was in no respect of style or construction the equal of Trollope. His novels are full of loose ends and inconsequences. He is unblushing in his reliance on "the long arm of coincidence." Even when one untangles the plots from the maze of circumstance in which he involves them, they are unconvincing because they are so deficient in human motive. M

had survived in New York made him forget to be "literary." And the tense excitement of an actor in moments of suspense he could recreate in himself and on paper. His gifts, therefore, were such as to strengthen the climaxes of his stories and to emphasize the flatness of the long levels between. He had the weakness of

nary life with the hearty contempt for the extravagances of the Radcliffe school which she expressed throughout "Northanger Abbey" (chaps. 1, xx ff.). Yet in his own period Brown was recognized in England as well as in America. The best reviews took him seriously, Godwin owed a return influence from him, Shelley read him with absorbed attention, Scott borrowed the names of two of his characters. In these facts there is evidence that he was American not only in h

K L

l Refe

opment of the English

he Early Ameri

idual

hia, 1857, 1887. These appeared originally as follows: Alcuin, 1798; Wieland, 1798; Ormond,

iogr

1830. 1913. See also Cambridge History of

and Cr

harles Brockden Brown: wit

eading American

ckden Brown, in Carlyle's La

rown and Pioneers in Fiction, in He

s's Library of American Biography, Vol. I. 1834. Also in

Realism. Nation, Nov. 12, 1

1800. Nation, Jan. 14, 1915. (A detailed study, ad

Cambridge History of Americ

AND P

erization of the Gothic romance, and for contemporary reaction against th

allenge inevitable comparisons with other authors who preceded

similar material with Defoe's "Journal of the Plague Yea

on of subject matter, plot, and pur

a detective story with any modern stor

eland" for a comparison with similar pa