so in the days of the Popes; it is so in these days of premiers. The pilots of the ships of state hav

Roman hates the Piedmontese and the Neapolitan and the Bolognese, an

a Norman, but he is also French; and the dweller in Rome or Milan is as much an Italian as the Neapolitan, though one and all jealously put the Campagna, Piedmont, or the Kingdom of Naples before the Italian boot as a geographical division. Sometimes the same idea is carried into politics, but not often. Political warfare in Italy is mostly confined to the unquenchable prejudices existing between the Quirinal and the Vatican, a

foreign soil. The steamship recruiting agents placard every little background village of Tuscany and Lombardy with the attrac

with him, and as there is no economic place for such a useless thing in America, he contents himself with a t

stop for a glass of wine at the Osteria on the Futa Pass, or for a repast at some classically named borgo on the Voie ?m

ar, and since thousands of touring Americans climb about the rocks at Capri or drive fire-spouting automobiles up through the Casentino, they know the new world as a

ino di

. The typical Italian of the poorer class is of course the peasant of the countryside, for it is a notable fact that the labourer of the cities is as likely to be of one nationality as another. Different sections o

kers as their class elsewhere. In Calabria they are probably less accomplished than in

no starving Italians, a living seemingly being assured the worker in the soil. In Ireland where it is rental pure and simple, and foreclosure and eviction if the rent is not promptly paid, the

d. The house is nothing of the vine-clad Kent or Surrey order, and the principal apartment is the kitchen. One or two bedrooms

ure there is is clean-above all the bed-linen. The stable is a building apart, and

red lire a year of ready money passing through the hands of the head of the family will keep father, mother and two childre

ke some allowance for surrounding conditions. In the twelfth century in Italy the grossness and uncleanliness were incredible, and the manners laid down f

times, and works as hard to raise and harvest one bushel of wheat as a Kansas farmer does to grow, harvest and market six. The American farmer has become a financier; the Italian is still in the bread-winning stage. Five hundred labourers in Dakota, of all nationalities under the sun, be it remarke

hinks. For one thing, he has his eternal minestra, a good, thick soup of many things which Anglo-Saxons would hardly know how to turn into as wholesome and nourishing a broth; meat of any kind, always what the French call pate d'Italie, and herbs of the field. The macaroni

lass, is less inclined to spend money on luxurious trivialities than most of us. He prefers to save or invest his surplus. One takes central Italy as typical because, if it is not the most prosperous

ve in a flat, not in a villini as separate town houses are called. One sixth of the family income will go for rent, and though the apartment may be bare and grim and lack actual luxury it will possess amplitude, ten or twelve room

of becoming like feudal retainers; that is, they "stay on the job," and from eight to twenty-five lire a month pays their wages. In reality they become almost personal or body servants, for in few Italian cities, and certainly not in Italian towns, are they obliged to occupy themselves with the slogging work of the London sla

y an amplified lunch. The chianti of Tuscany is the usual wine drunk at all meals, or a substitute for it less good, though all red wine in Italy seems to be good, cheap and pure. Adulteration is apparently too costly a process. Wine and biscuits take the place of afternoon tea-and with

ed from the already dying embers when they are brought in, he orders another and keeps it warm by enveloping it as much as possible with his person. Italian heating arrangements are certainly more economical than those in Britain, but are even less efficient, as most of the caloric val

iving rooms, one perforce falls back again on the classic scaldini placed in the middle of the room and fired up with charcoal. Then you huddle around it like Indians in a wigwam and, if you don't take a short

e inhabitants of Milan, Turin or Genoa. The Roman, for instance, hates rain-and he has his share of it too-and accordingly is more often seen with an umbrella than with

siness as speedily as they might. The Italian has not, however, a prejudice against new ideas, and the Italian cities and lar

sistencies of the tunes played by the political machine in modern Italy. Anglo-Saxons may bribe and graft; but they do not countenance lotteries, which are the greatest thieving institutio

rtainly state-controlled lotteries are no worse than licensed or unlicensed pool-rooms

00,000 lire were returned in prizes, and 6,500,000 went for expenses. A fine net profit of 33,000,000 lire, all of which, s

the enthusiastic excitement of a

n with the hope that something will come his way. After the drawing, before the Sunday dawns, he is quite another

lotteries were not legalized, he would still play lotto in secre

nger presupposes. Campania is the province where one find

nineteen years, of which three only are in active service. The next five or six in the reserve, t

to the naval service for

rs. At most, among hundreds, perhaps thousands, of officers of all ranks, there can hardly be more than a few score

e the slightest loose end of gold braid is very marked. The Italian private doesn't seem to mark distinctions among the offi

n at other times, and the privilege of being arrested by such a gorgeous policeman must be accounted as something of a social distinction. The holding up

hat the half a million of Italians-mostly of the lower classes-who form a part of the population of cosmopolitan New York are of a baser instinct than a

of the Gascon, the joy of the Kelt, or the pretence of the Proven?al, he does not seem wicked or criminal, and t

many of them certainly exist, though they do not practise their

eties. It is divided, military-like, into companies, and is recruited, also

e derived from the French Revolution, and it is possible that then the activity of the Carbonari, Italy's most

ere called the Protectori Republicani, the Adelfi, the Spilla Nera, the Fortezza, the Speranza, the Fratelli, and a dozen other names. On the surface the code of the Carbon

n, had eaten out nearly every vestige of political and self-respecting spirit. After the restoration of the Bou