English-Bisaya Grammar

Thou, you. Icao, ca. You. Camó.

He, she. Sia. They. Sila.

Declension of the personal pronouns

First Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. I. Acó. We. Camé, quitá. (1)

G. Of me. Acó, co, naco, ta. Of us. Amo, namo, ato, ta.

D. To me. Canaco. To us. Canamo, canato.

(1) Quitá is used when the speaker excludes not those, to whom he is speaking, and camé when he does.

2d. Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. Thou or you. Icao, ca. You. Camó.

G. Of thee or you. Imo, nimo. Of you. I?ó, ni?ó

D. To thee, you. Canimo. To you. Cani?ó.

3d. Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. He, she. Sia. They. Sila.

G. Of him, her. Iya, nia. Of them. Ila, nila.

D. To him, her. Cania. To them. Canila.

The pronoun Icao may be used indifferently before or after the verbs. The nominative case ca must be placed before the verbs in the negative and final sentences; in other cases, always after them.

You will carry. Icao magadala.

You will weep. Icao magahilac.

Don't lie. Dili ca magbacac.

To make known to you. Aron ca mahibalo.

We the Christians. Quitá (when all Christians.) ang mga cristianos.

Lord, forgive us sinners. Guino-o pasayloa camé nga mga macasasala.

Both singular and plural objective cases of the first, second and third persons begin by a vowel, are placed before the nouns and verbs, and those begin by a consonant must be put after them: thus:

My shoes. Ang acong mga sapin.

Your money. Ang salapi mo.

Our country. Ang atong yuta.

His vessel. Ang sacayan nia.

Your net. Ang imong sahid.

You are my beloved. Hinigugma co icao.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Declension.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. This. Quini. These. Quining mga.

G. Of this. Niini. Of these. Niining mga.

D. To this. Niini. To these. Niining mga.

The demonstrative pronouns are used instead of repeating the substantives. They also serve for distinguishing between substantives exposed or understood; and when employed with substantives, for pointing out clearly the distinction between them.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. That. Cana; (far from the speaker) cadto. Those. Canang mga (far....) Cadtong mga.

G. Of that. Niana; (far....) niadto. Of those. Nianang mga (far....) Niadtong mga.

This near. Cari.

Of this near. Niari

Those near. Caring mga.

Of those near. Niaring mga.

Now. Caron.

Of now. Niaron.

Remark

Quini, refers to the persons or things nearest to the speaker: cana, to the persons or things nearest to the persons spoken to: cadto, is used to point out persons or things distant, both from the speaker and from the person spoken to. It is also employed this pronoun, but in genitive case, when speaking of events long time ago past, as: In those days.-Niadtong mga tiempo.

The adverb caron, is employed also as a demonstrative pronoun: thus:

This morning. Caron buntag.

Noon. Odto.

Afternoon. Hapon.

This night. Caron gabi-i

This woman. Quining babaye.

These women. Quining mga babaye.

Have you this pen or that? Na-a ba canimo quining pluma cun cadto ba?

I have neither this nor that, but I have this other. Uala canaco quini ug cadto, apan ani-a canaco cari.

He arrived yesterday about this time. Nacabut sia cahapon maingon niaron.

Possessive pronouns.

Are formed by the genitives of the personal pronouns, and are always joined to a noun before it, when begin by a vowel, and after, when by a consonant, Ex:

My hat. Ang acong calo.

Your shirt. Ang sinina mo.

Your shoes. Ang i?ong mga sapin.

Your religion. Ang religion ni?ó.

Our house. Ang atong balay.

His parishioners. Ang mga sacup nia.

Relative pronouns.-Interrogative.

The relative-interrogative pronouns, are:

Who? ?Quinsa?

What? ?Onsa?

Which? ?Hain?

Who is that man? Quinsa ba canang taoo?

Who is there? Quinsa ba dihá?

Which of you? Quinsa ba cani?o?

What is that? Onsa ba cana?

Where is the money? Hain ba ang salapi?

Remark

The particle ba, has not signification, but serves to point out the interrogative and dubitative sentences.

The relative pronouns simple, are translated into Bisaya by nga, as:

I saw him bathing himself. Naquita co sia nga naligo.

Dreadful shall be the punishment you shall have into hell Daco man ang castigo nga ipahamtang canimo sa infierno.

The man whom I saw yesterday has fallen from the cocoa-tree. Ang tao nga naquita co cahapon naholog sa lubí.

Exercise IV.

Where are you going?-I am going into the church-Have you this pen or that?-I have neither this nor that, but I have this other.

When did he arrive?-He arrived yesterday about this time-Where is she? She is at home-Do you speak Bisaya?-Not yet-I have bought the horse of which you spoke to me.

When did you buy it?-Yesterday-Where do you intend to take me to?-What is the date to day?-To day is the twenty first-I speak to those to whom you have spoken.

Where did you speak to them?-I spoke to them at the street.

Fifth Lesson.

Of the adjective.

Remark: 1.a The Bisaya adjectives are formed by putting before the root the particle Ma as:

Wiser. Maalam.

Good. Maayo.

Pretty. Maanindut.

Ugly. Mangil-ad.

2.a Putting after these adjectives the syllables on, hon, an, han are formed the followings:

Sick-ill Masaquit-on.

Envious. Masinahon.

Pale. Maluspad-on.

Sad. Mamingao-on.

3.a By putting the particles on, hon, an, han, after the root, are formed adjectives signifying qualities both moral and physical: ex.

Talker. Tabian.

Pock marked. Butihon.

Fat. Tambocon.

Rich. Adunahan.

4.a With the particle ha before are formed adjectives of distance: by means of the particle hi are formed those pointing out frequency in the action: thus:

Short. Hamobo.

Often feeder. Hingaon.

Far. Halayo.

Often drinker. Hinginom.

5.a Inserting la, li, lo, between the first two syllables of the root, and placing on, after the last are formed adjectives of quality, as:

Worthy. Talahoron.

Worshipful. Silingbahon.

6.a Are also formed adjectives of quality by putting mangi before the root, and an after, as:

Merciful. Mangilooyan.

Wise. Mangialaman.

7.a With the particle Maca, and duplicating the first syllable of the root are formed adjectives, as:

Poisonous. Macahihilo.

Dreadful. Macalilisang.

8.a With the particle ma before the root and inserting in between the first two syllables, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality, thus:

Respectful. Matinahoron.

Obedient. Masinugtanon.

9.a Inserting pa between ma and the first syllable of the root, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality; and also by means of pa, before the root, as:

Humble. Mapaubsanon.

Haughty. Palabilabihon.

Ex:

The wise men understand the high explanations. Ang mga maquinaadmanon nacatuquib sa mga hata-as nga mga casayodan.

I saw an awful snake. Naquita co ug usá ca halas nga macalilisang.

The merciful man helps to his neighbour. Ang taoo nga mangilooyan nacatabang sa isig-catao nia.

Exercise V.

I see the children to whom you have given the books, and I have met also with the men to whom you have spoken. The wise men understand the high explanations. The merciful man helps to his neighbour-What have you to do?-I have to speak to the men-When have you to speak to them?-This evening-At what o'clock?-At half past eight-Have you my shirt or my sister's?-I have both-Have you the golden ribbons of my mother?-I have not them-Who has them?-My sister has them-Do you wish to go out?-I wish not to go out-Why?-Because I am sick.

Sixth Lesson

Diminutive adjectives.

l.a The diminutive adjectives not only express diminution, but also an accessory idea of either tenderness, love or contempt.

The diminutives are formed in Bisaya by means of the adjective diutay. When they have but two syllables, are formed by duplicating the root, and also, by placing the syllables la, li, lo, after the first letter of the root, Ex:

Small horse. Diutay nga cabayo.

Small eyes. Mata mata.

Small house. Balay balay.

Slight fault. Sayop nga diutay.

2.a The adjectives of ma, become diminutives by putting before, the particle malo, as:

Somewhat valiant. Malomaisug.

Somewhat fat. Matolotambuc.

3.a The same adjectives become diminutives by duplicating the root, as:

Somewhat sweet. Matam-istam-is.

Somewhat bitter. Mapait-pait.

4.a Adding a, to the nouns, are formed diminutives expressing contempt or disregard, as:

Worthless woman. Babayeha.

Nag. Cabayoa.

5.a When this letter a is added, but not in contemptible sense, serves to point out that the subject or object is unknown to us, as:

What kind of medicine is that? ?Onsa nga tambala cana?

What kind of tree is that? ?Onsa ba ang calainan nianang cahuya?

Degrees of Comparison

The degrees of comparison are formed in Bisaya by adding to the superiority Lapi pa, to the equality ingon, and to the inferiority, as we have seen, Diutay pa.

Ex.

Large. Dacó.

Larger. Labi pa nga dacó.

Largest. Ang labing dacó.

Small. Diutay.

Smaller. Labi pa nga diutay.

Smallest. Ang labing diutay.

Well, Good. Maayo.

Better. Labi pang maayo.

Best. Ang labing maayo.

Bad. Dautan.

Worse. Labi pang dautan.

Worst. Ang labi nga dautan.

More. Labi pa.

Less. Diutay pa.

More, than. Labi pa; daghan pa, sa.

Less, than. Diriot pa; culang pa, sa.

Very much. Caayo or uyamut.

As much, as. Magsama sa cadaghan, ug.

Not as much. Dili ingon.

Ex:

Have you as many friends as I? ?Magsama ba sa cadaghan sa mga higala mo ug ang aco?

I have less money than he. Diriot pa ang acong salapi sa iya.

This book is small, that is smaller, and that is the smallest of all. Quining libro diutay man, cadto labi pang diutay, ug cari mao ang lab ng diutay sa ngatanan.

This hat is large, but that is larger. Quining calo dacó man, apan cadto labi pang dacó.

Is your hat as large as mine? ?Ang imong calo dacó ba ingon sa aco?

It is not so large as your. Diutay pa sa imo?

Do your children write as much as we? Ang Pagsulat sa imong mga anac tagingon ba sa pagsulat namo?

Do you read as often as I? ?Nagabasa ca ba sa masubsub ingon canaco?

As early as you. Masayo ingon canimo.

God is the best Father. Ang Dios mao ang lobing maayo nga Amahan.

Remarks l.a The comparative of inferiority is formed by translating the adverbs less by diutay, diriut pa, ingon nga, culang, and than, into sa.

Ex.

I have less rice than coffee. Diriut pa ang acong bugás sa capé.

Your father is less wise tan mine. Ang amahan mo culang sa quinaadman sa aco.

Your ring is not so nice as my mother's. Ang singsing mo dili ingon nga maanindut sa can nanay.

2.a The comparative of equality is formed by translating the adverbs as or so into magsama, and the second adverb as into ug, and both terms of comparison in nominative case, as:

Ex:

Have you as many friends as I? ?Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa mga higala mo ug ang aco?

3.a The comparative of superiority is formed by translating more by labi pa, and than into sa; and also into dili, but in this case, both terms of comparison must be placed in nominative case, like in the comparatives of majority and of inferiority: Ex.

Honor is more precious that riches. Labi pang tacus higugmaon ang catahod-an sa pagcadaghan sa catigayonan

4.a The relation of majority more, may be also rendered by daghan pa, and than, by sa or dili.

Ex:

I have more silver than gold. Daghan pa ang acong salapi sa bulaoan co, or (dili ang bulaoan co).

I have less shoes than hats. Diutay pa ang mga sapin co, dili ang acong mga calo.

Exercise VI

I have as much money as you-Have you as many friends as I?-We have less money than they-This book is small, that is smaller, and that is the smallest of all-This hat is large, but that is larger-Is your hat as large as mine? It is larger than yours-Do your children write as much as we?-They write more than you-My father has more silver than gold-Your ring is not so nice as my mother's-Your father is less wise than mine-I have less rice than coffee-Do you read as often as I?-Do you listen to what your brother tell you?-Yes, I listen to it-God is the best Father.

Seventh Lesson

Unitive particles.

Before coming to the end of this part of the nouns, we shall have a short speech about some ligaments, called unitive particles, which serve for uniting elegantly the nouns, pronouns and adjectives, and for joining together the sentences, and to give them a particular energy. These particles are the followings:

Nga.

l.a This particle (when it is not used as relative) serves to link the pronouns with the nouns and the adjectives.

When the preceding word ends by a vowel the letter a of nga, must be suppressed, joining ng to the vowel, as:

Pretty house. Maanindut nga balay.

Good horse. Maayong cabayo.

2.a Serves also for joining both the sentences and verbs with the adverbs, ex:

Come back early. Bumalic cang masayó.

I doubt very much I may forgive him. Malisud cahá nga pasaylo-an co sia (V. Pag 8), 3.a Remark.

Ug.

It is employed instead of the article in the objective cases of indefinite objects, and in compounded sentences when are employed instead of objective case. It serves also to link the cardinal numbers: Ex:

Buy rice. Pumalit ca ug bugás.

The work weakens me Naluya acó ug pagbuhat.

All my neighbour's children died of plague. Ang mga anac sa acong silingan nahurut ug camatay sa salot.

Seventeen. Napolo ug pito.

Ca.

This particle links the cardinal numbers with the nouns: Ex.

Ten thousand. Napolo ca libo.

My three horses were removed out of sight. Nauala ang mga totolo ca cabayo naco.

Ing.

Serves for joining the sentences and the objective cases, when it is spoken in indeterminate sense.

There is not now who may seek. Uala na ing macapatigayon.

Have I a knife? ?Duna ba acó ing usá ca cuchillo?

Exercise VII.

You speak as much as I-They have not so many toys as books-Have you as many books as I?-I have fewer than you-Has our friend as many birds as chickens?-He has more of the former than of the latter-Are we right in speaking?-You are not wrong in speaking, but you are wrong in cutting my trees-Have you time to work?-1 have time, but not mind to work-Have you still a mind to buy any thing?-Yes, I have a mind to buy one more horse-Have you as much good as bad paper?-I have as much of the one as of the other-Have our neighbours as much honey as sugar?-They have more honey than sugar-Have your sons as many slippers as shirts?-They have more of the latter than of the former-I have a favour to beg of you.

Eighth Lesson

The verb.

The verb is the most important part of all languages, and also the most difficult. By this reason, to speak with somewhat perfection the Bisaya dialect, it is necessary a perfect acquaintance with it. The Bisaya dialect has not verbs, and they must be formed by adding to the roots particles, which shall be placed either before of after, as we shall explain.

In Bisaya the verbs is divided into substantive, adjective, passive, neuter, reciprocal and reflexive.

Of the substantive verb TO BE-MAO, MAN.

The verb TO BE and its like TO HAVE, are irregulars in their conjugation, and to form their sentences, it is necessary to use a very new form. They are expressed by means of particles, adverbs, conjunctions, and sometimes by means of the employment of both nominative and genitive cases.

Conjugation of the verb TO BE-Mao, Man.

Indicative mood-Present Tense.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I am. Acó mao, man. We are. Camé, quitá mao, man.

Thou art. Icao mao, man. You are. Camó mao, man.

He is. Sia mao, man. They are. Sila mao, man.

Rem. The particle man, is euphonic, when the sentences are not of the verb TO BE, ex;

Did you go to Spain? Nacaadto ca ba sa Espa?a?

I did not. Uala man acó umadto.

PAST TENSE.

I was good when I was younger. Maayo man acó sa bata pa acó.

I was rich the last year. Salapian man acó sa tuig nga miagui.

FUTURE

I shall or will be serious. Buutan man acó.

IMPERATIVE.

Be serious. Magbuutan ca.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

It is necessary you be saint. Quinahanglan nga masantos ca.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

If I were humble, I should be saint. Cun mapaubsanon acó unta, masantos unta.

INDEFINITE FUTURE.

I would be saint, if I fulfilled God's law. Santos man acó unta cun macatuman unta acó sa mga sugo sa Dios.

Rem. l.a It will be observed by the preceding conjugation, that the particle Mao-To be, is used but in the present tense of indicative mood.

2.a The particle Man-To be, does not point out by itself the tense, but it does the determining, may it be a noun or a whole sentence.

3.a To point out the subjunctive mood is used unta, when the sentences are obtative, in another cases are employed cun, ug, or pa.

4.a As auxiliaries of the verb Man, are employed the article ang before or after the noun, or the particle Y after the subjective case.

5.a The same must be said of the particle Nay. Are formed also sentences of the verb Man, by placing the attribute, before the subject it refers to.

6.a With pagca or mag, before the adjective are formed also these kind of sentences.

A few examples may elucidate these remarks:

The priest is God's succeeder, and also the Father of the souls. Ang Pare mao ang ilis sa Dios, ug mao man usab, ang amahan sa mga calág.

The flowers are pretty. Manindut man ang mga bulac.

I will make it. Acoy magabuhat.

Who will be my comforter? ?Quinsa nay macalipay canaco?

What a beautiful effigy! ?Pagca maanindut nga laraoan!

What does concern you, about my good or bad behaviour? ?Onsay labut mo, cun maayo ba acó, cun dili ba?

Behave well at teacher's house. Magbuutan ca bayá sa balay sa magtoto-on.

How? is ill my behave? Diay? ?dautan ba acó?

God is the Almighty. Ang Dios maoy macagagahum sa ngatanan.

I am who shall go. Acoy moadto didto.

Good should be. Maayo unta.

A moment. Cariot da.

Are you a chattering fellow? ?Hinultihon ca ba?

What countryman is he? ?Tagadi-in ba sia?

God is every where. Ang Dios ana-a sa bisan di-in.

Exercise VIII.

Who is the Priest?,-The Priest is God's succeeder, and the father of the souls-Are pretty the flowers?-Yes; all the flowers are pretty; but the lily is the most beautiful, then it is the symbol of purity, chastity, virginity, innocence and candour-Where are you from?-I am from Aloran, my parents are from Cornago, my eldest brother from Oroquieta, and my younger from Tagbilaran-Do you wish to send one more horse to our friends?-I wish to send many more to them-Are you going for any thing?-I am going for some thing-What are you going for?-I am going for some wine-Does your father send for any thing?-Yes, sir: he sends for some wine-Whom does your neighbour send for?-He sends for the physician-Does your servant take off his shirt to make the fire?-He takes it off to make it.

Ninth Lesson

TO BE-Ani-a, na-a or Ana-a, Tua.

When the verb TO BE points out TO BE IN A PLACE, is translated into Bisaya by ani-a, to be here: na-a or ana-a, to be there: and tua, to be far from the speaker.

Instead of the English adverbs HERE, THERE, are used in Bisaya dinhi, here: diha, there: didto, there (further).

The indicative present does not need adverbs of place.

INDICATIVE PRESENT.

I am here. Ania man acó. (dinhi)

Thou art there. Naa ca man. (dihá)

He is there. (further) Tua man sia. (didto)

We are here. Ania man quitá or camé (dinhi)

You are there. Naa man camó. (dihá)

They are there (further) Tua man silá. (didto)

PAST TENSE.

I was here, when you was there. (further) Dinhi man acó sa didto ca pa.

I was there yesterday. Didto man acó cahapon.

FUTURE.

I will be there to-morrow. Didto man acó ngma.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

I would be there, if you were pleased. Didto unta acó, cun buut ca pa unta.

Subjunctive Mood

FUTURE.

It is necessary you be there. Quinahanglan nga didto ca.

ABSOLUTE INDEFINITE.

That I might be here. Dinhi unta acó.

CONDITIONATE INDEFINITE.

If I were there. Cun didto pa unta acó.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Be there (ye, you). Diha camó.

GERUND.

Being there, I saw him. Sa didto acó, naquita co sia.

Rem. When the verb TO BE, points out the actual conditions of persons or things, the root pointing out such a condition, becomes verb by means of the particle ma of the neuter verbs.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

I am sick. Masaquit man acó.

PAST TENSE.

He was sick, when I was well or strong. Masaquit sia, sa pagca maayo co ug laoas.

ABSOLUTE FUTURE.

He will or shall be ill to-morrow. Masaquit sia ugma.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

If I were sick, you would care of me. Cun masaquit acó unta, icao magalima unta canaco.

GERUND.

Being he sick, was not willing to take the medicines. Sa iyang pagcasaquit uala sia buut uminom sa mga tambal.

Conjugation of the Verb TO HAVE.

The verb TO HAVE in a determinate sense is translated into Bisaya by ania, for first persons; na-a or ana-a, for the seconds; and tua, for the thirds.

INDICATIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE.

I have the shirt. Ania canaco ang sinina.

They have the hat. Tua canila ang calo.

PAST TENSE.

When you were looking after the shirt it was with me. Sa pagpangita mo sa sinina, dinhi man canaco.

Rem. The others tenses of this conjugation, are formed by means of the adverbs Dinhi, Dihá. and Didto, according to the persons, placing the person in ablative case immediately after the adverb or particle.

I had the hat yesterday. Cahapon dinhi canaco ang calo.

I shall or will have the hat to-morrow. Ugma dinhi na canaco ang calo.

I would have the fan, if I bought it. Dinhi unta canaco ang paypay, cun paliton co unta.

If I had the ring, I would give it to you. Cun dinhi pa unta canaco ang singsing, ihatag co unta canimo.

TO HAVE-(In Partitive Sense.)

l.a The verb TO HAVE in partitive sense, is translated into Bisaya by May, Duna or Aduna, with the person in nominative or genitive case.

INDICATIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE.

Have you money? ?May salapi ca ba?

I have some money. Dunay acong salapi

PAST TENSE.

I had money yesterday, and you had not. Cahapon duna ma acong salapi, ug icao ualá.

ABSOLUTE FUTURE.

I shall have money tomorrow. Ugma duna may acong salapi.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

You might have money, if you worked. Icao duna unta ug salapi, cun magtrabajo ca unta.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

I if had money, I would give it to you. Cun dunay unta acó ug salapi, ihatag co unta canimo.

GERUND.

Having money, all is easy. Sa pagca dunay salapi, ang ngatanan mahimo.

2.a When speaking of immaterials things, the root becomes verb with the particle Na of neuter verbs; thus.

I am cold. Natugnao man acó.

I was cold yesterday, and you warm. Cahapon guitugnao acó ug icao gui-initan.

3.a The root Tugnao admits gui instead of Ma and the root Init admits also gui with the passive of an.

I was warm yesterday. Cahapon nainitan acó.

You will or shall be warm. Mainitan ca.

The impersonal expression-There-To be.

Duna

INDICATIVE MOOD-PRESENT TENSE.

Is there a man in the street? ?Duna bay usá ca taoo sa dalan?

There are twenty. Duna man caluha-an.

There is no body in the street. Ualay taoo sa dalan.

There was rice yesterday at the town, but there was not money. Cahapon dunay bugás sa longsod, apan ualay salapi.

The last month there was rice. Sa bulan nga miagui, dunay bugás.

If there were rice, there would be not hunger at the province. Cun dunay bugás unta, uala unta ug gutum sa provincia.

Exercise IX.

When does your father intend to depart?-He intends to depart to day-At what o'clock?-At four o'clock-Where is he going?-He goes to Madrid-Does the butcher kill oxen?-He kills sheep instead of killing oxen-Do you always take off your hat, when you speak to my father?-I always take it off-What do you take in the morning, tea or coffee?-I take coffee-Do you take coffee every morning?-I take coffee every morning and every evening-What does your father take?-He drinks chocolate-How far did the children go this morning?-As far as their cousin's-Has any one stolen any thing from you?-Some one has stolen a fine horse from me.

Tenth Lesson

The adjective verbs.

The verbs, as we have said, are formed by means of roots and particles equivalents to the four tenses, Present, Past, Future and Imperative of the Bisaya conjugation. The other tenses are formed with the particles of the four primitives, as we shall see in the conjugation.

The particles we refer to, are Naga and its compounds: Nagaca, Nagapa, Nagapaca, Naca, mi, and many others we shall use at their place.

In order to aid the scholars in the knowledge and formation of the tenses, we shall conjugate here a verb in active voice, by means of the particle Naga, which is the most common.

The pupils shall not lose of sight, that, in this dialect all the last syllables are like, being only changed the persons.

To Choose-PAGPILI.

Infinitive. To choose. Pagpili.

Gerund. Choosing. Sa pagpili.

Past participle. Chosen. Pinili.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

I choose. Acó nagapili.

Thou choosest. Icao nagapili.

He (she) chooses. Sia nagapili.

We choose. Camé (or quitá) nagapili.

You choose. Camó nagapili.

They choose. Sila nagapili.

IMPERFECT PRETERIT.

I chose. (when) Nagapili acó, (sa)

Thou chosest, &. Nagapili ca, (sa)

PAST PERFECT.

I have chosen. Nagpili acó.

Thou hast chosen. Nagpili ca

PLUPERFECT.

I had chosen. Nagpili na acó.

Thou hadst chosen. Human na icao nagpili.

He had chosen. Ubus na sia nagpili.

IMPERFECT FUTURE.

I shall or will choose. Acó magapili.

Thou shalt or wilt choose. Icao magapili.

PERFECT FUTURE.

I shall have chosen. Nagpili na cahá acó.

Thou shalt have chosen. Nagpili ca na cahá

IMPERATIVE.

Choose. Magpili ca.

Let him choose. Magpili sia.

Choose. Magpili camó.

Let them choose. Magpili sila.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD-PRESENT.

That I may choose or not. Magpili acó unta, ug dili.

That thou mayest choose. Nga magpili ca.

That he may choose. Apat sia magpili.

That we may choose. Nga quitá magpili.

That you may choose. Nga camó unta magpili.

That they may choose. Nga sila unta magpili.

IMPERFECT PRETERIT,

That I might choose. Ug acó pay magapili.

That thou mightest choose. Ug icao unta magapili.

That he might choose. Ug magapili pa lamang sia.

That we might choose. Ug magpili pa quitá.

That you might choose. Ug camó untay magapili.

That they might choose. Ug sila pa lamang magpili.

PERFECT PRETERIT.

That I may have chosen, or not Nga nagpili acó unta, cun ualá.

That thou mayest have chosen. Nga nagpili ca na unta.

That he may have chosen. Nga siay nagpili.

That we may have chosen. Nagpili quitá (or camé) unta.

That you may have chosen. Nga nagpili camó.

That they may have chosen. Nga nagpili sila.

PLUPERFECT.

If I might have chosen. Cun acó pay nacagpili.

If thou mightest have chosen. Cun icao diay nacagpili.

If he might have chosen. Cun nacagpili pa unta sia.

If we might have chosen. Cun nacagpili unta quitá.

If you might hare chosen. Cun nacagpili unta camó.

If they might have chosen. Cun sila diay nacagpili.

IMPERFECT FUTURE.

If I shall or will choose. Ug dao acó ang magapili.

If thou shalt choose. Ug dao magapili ca.

If he shall choose. Ug dao sia magapili.

If we shall choose. Ug dao magapili quitá.

If you shall choose. Ug dao camó magapili.

If they shall choose. Ug dao sila ang magapili.

PERFECT FUTURE.

If I shall or will have chosen. Cun dao nagpili acó ogaling.

If thou shalt &. Cun icao ogaling nagpili na.

If he shall &. Cun sia ogaling nagpili na.

If we shall &. Cun camé ogaling nagpili na.

If you shall &. Cun camó na ogaling nagpili.

If they shall & have chosen. Cun dao sila na ogaling nagpili.

Rem. It must be observed that the adverbs and conjunctions we have made use of in subjunctive mood, are not characteristic signs of this mood, and very often we speak in subjunctive without them.

Although the passive voice is the most usual in the Bisaya Dialect, the active sentences have however a very important place at the conversation, and therefore it is necessary to know, that when the speech begins by a nominative agent, express or tácite, the sentence is active. The same must be said when the sentence is about an indeterminate thing, when exclamatory, interrogative or emphatical, and when points out a part of a whole, Ex:

You shall hear mass now. Icao musingba caron.

Who does observe God's commandments, will obtain the everlasting life. Ang macatuman sa mga sugo sa Dios, macadangat sa paghimaya nga dayon sa Langit.

Which of you will accompany me? ?Quinsa ba cani?ó ang muuban canaco?

Will you sew the shirt? Magatahi ca ba sa sinina?

I will not sew it, but my sister. Dili acó magatahi, cun dili ang igso-on co nga babaye.

Who will read this letter? ?Quinsa ba ang magabasa niining sulat?

Look for a child from the school. Mangita ca ug usa ca bata sa escuelahan.

If I know how to read or not what does it concern you? Cun mahibaló acó magbasa cun dili ba ?onsay labut mo niana?

Exercise X.

Can you walk, and do you not can go to Church?-I am not able to go the Church, because I am sick-Will you can endure it?-Do not pretend to be a learned man, because your own wit avails but little-Do you wish to work?-I wish to work and they let me not-Where is your wife?-I do not know-When did you see her?-I saw her at seven o'clock in the morning-Whom are you speaking to? I am speaking to my sister-Do you speak to her every day?-What does this man spend his time in?-He is a good for nothing fellow; he spends his time in drinking and playing-Who are the men that have just arrived?-They are Russians-Is your father arrived at last?-Every body says that he is arrived but I have not seen him yet-Has the Physician hurt your son?-He has hurt him. for he has cut his finger.

Eleventh Lesson

Of the passives.

The Bisaya dialect being almost completely passive, the study of this speaking mood is of great importance. Three are the passives or moods of expressing the verbs in passive voice. Passive the first or passive of I (ee). The second passive or of On, and the third passive or of An. The passive of I (ee) is formed by putting Gui before the root for present and past tenses, and I (ee) for future and imperative. Passive the second or of On, is formed by placing the particle Gui before the root for present and past tenses; the future by duplicating the first syllable of the root putting On after: or by placing one of the particles of future tense before the root, and On after.

The third passive or of An is formed by putting the particle Gui before the root and An after, for present and past tenses; the future is formed by duplicating the first syllable of the root, and placing before the root one of the particles of future tense and An after.

The imperative mood is formed by putting An after the root.

Conjugation of the Passives

Passive of I. (EE)

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

I leave him or he has been left by me. Guibilin co sia.

FUTURE AND IMPERATIVE.

He will be left, or let him be left by me. Ibilin co sia.

INFINITIVE.

When he left him. Sa pagbilin cania.

Passive of ON.

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

It is, or it has been written by them. Guisulat nila.

FUTURE.

Will be written by them. Susulaton or pagasulaton nila.

IMPERATIVE.

Let it be written by them. Susulaton nila.

INFINITIVE.

To be written by them. Sa pagsulat nila.

IMPERATIVE.

Write that. Sulaton mo caná.

Passive of AN.

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

It is or has been opened by me. Guilucaban co.

FUTURE.

Will be opened by me. Lulucaban or pagalucaban co.

IMPERATIVE.

Let it be opened by you. Lucaban mo.

IMPERSONAL IMPERATIVE.

Be that opened. Lucabi or Lucabi caná.

Rem. The other tenses are formed by means of conjunctions and adverbs of the active conjugation. To speak well the Bisaya dialect, it is absolutely necessary to understand when and how every one of the passives must be used, and also the mechanism of their sentences, which is the more difficult part, since are so many the moods and so diverse their syntax, In order to make easy to the learners the use of the passive tenses, we shall explain them as clearly as possible by Examples.

Sell the plantation of cocoa-trees. Ibaligya mo ang calubihan.

We have sold it now. Guibaligya na namo.

Count the cows. Isipon mo ang mga vaca.

We have counted them, and four are out of sight yet. Gui-isip na namo ug culang pa ug upat ca bo-oc.

Order to have them searched at one. Papangitaa lamang sa madali.

Water the plants, because it is very warm. Boboan mo ang mga tanóm, cay mainit ca-ayo.

Cover the child, because it very cold. Taboni ang bata, cay matugnao ca-ayo.

Did you go very far? ?Halayo ba ang imong guilactan?

I am gone as far as my brother's. Guilactan co cutub sa balay sa acong igso-on.

Exercise XI.

Are you pleased with your servant?-I am much pleased with him, for he is lit for any thing-Has your brother returned at last from Spain?-He has returned thence, and has brought you a fine horse-Has he told his groom to bring it to me?-He has told him to bring it to you-?What do you think of that horse?-I think that it is a fine and good one, and beg you to lead it to my brother's that he may see it-In what did you spend your time yesterday?-I went to my father's in law, and afterwards to the ball-When did that man go down in to the well?-He went down into it this morning-Has he come up again yet?-He came up an hour ago-Where is your brother?-He is in his room-Will you tell him to come down (nga manaug sia)?-I will tell him so, but he is not dressed.

Twelfth Lesson

Some rules upon the passives and their sentences.

Passive of I. (ee)

This passive is made use of when the agent person exercises its action removing from itself the patient person.

The sentences of this passive are formed by putting Gui before the root for the present and past tenses, and I (ee) for the future and imperative. This passive points out the harm, detriment, obsequiousness or favour made to another, placing the receiver person in nominative case, the donor in genitive, and in accusative with ug or sa the favour or harm.

Passive of ON.

It is employed when the agent person attracts towards itself to the patient person. When it is spoken by means of this passive, the present and past tenses are formed by placing Gui before the root; the future doubling the first syllable of the root and putting On after, and the imperative mood by placing On after the root.

Passive of AN.

It is employed when the agent person exercises its action upon a place or quasi-place, putting the said place or quasi-place in nominative case. The present and past tenses are formed with gui, before the root and An after it; the future, by duplicating the first syllable of the root and by adding An to it, and the imperative mood by putting An after the root. Examples:

Pull off that herb. Ibton mo canang balili.

Wherever they may place me I will follow my own mind. Bisan asa acó ibutang nila, macatuman acó sa acong pagbu-ut.

I imitate him. Guipanig-ingnan co sia.

Speak to him. Pamolongan mo sia.

I gave him the book. Guihatag co na cania ang libro.

Please accept that. Daoato caná.

Please to explain it to me. Sagdi acó.

Exercise XII.

On what lived our ancestors?-They lived on fish and game, for they went a hunting and a fishing every day-You have learned your lesson: why has not your sister learned hers?-She has taken a walk with my mother, so that she could not learn it, but she will learn it to-morrow-When will you correct my exercises?-I will correct them when you bring me those of your sister-Do you think you have made faults in them?-I do not know-If you have made faults, you have not studied your lessons well; for the lessons must be learned well to make no faults in the exercises-It is all the same; if you do not correct them to day-I shall not learn them before to-morrow-You must not make any faults in your exercises, for you have all you want in order to make none-Who is there?-It is I-Who are those men?-I do not know-Of what country are they?-They are Americans-Why do you sit near the fire?-My hands and feet are cold; that is the reason why I sit near the fire-Are your sister's hands cold?-No; but her feet are cold-What is the matter with your cousin?-fem.-Her leg hurts her-What is the matter with this woman?-Her tongue hurts her.

Thirteenth Lesson

Of the particles

NAGA.

l.a The particle Naga, the most usual in the Bisaya dialect has the same signification as the root to which is joined. Its tenses are formed with naga for the present time, nag for past; maga for the future; and mag for the imperative mood. they all before the root. As:

To write. Pagsulat.

I write. Acó nagasulat.

You wrote. Icao nagsulat.

They will, or shall write. Sila magasulat.

Write. (pl.) Magsulat camó.

2.a This particle admits the three above mentioned passives, and its tenses are formed by placing some times before, and some times after, the particles at 12th. Lesson mentioned. They may be also formed by putting Paga before the root for future tense, and Pag for the imperative. Examples:

PRESENT AND PAST.

I write or wrote. Guisulat co.

FUTURE.

I will or shall write. Sulaton or pagasulaton co.

IMPERATIVE.

Write. Sulaton or pagsulaton mo.

3.a This particle signifies to do what the root to which precedes points out, but in many ways, as we shall demonstrate.

4.a Placing it before the nouns of dress, garment or garb, signifies to use them or to put on them. thus:

He wears shoes. Sia nagasapin.

Put on your hat. Magcalo ca.

5.a Before roots of musical instruments, signifies to play on them, as:

Play you on the guitar? ?Nagasesta ca ba?

She harps. Sia naga-arpa.

Play on the piano. Magpiano ca.

6.a When it is joined to the nouns of nations and in is inserted between the first two syllables of the root, signifies to speak or to translate into that nation's language, and in this case, the second passive will be employed; but when addressing a person, the third must be used, Ex:

Speak to me in Latin. Maglinatin ca canaco.

Translate that book into Bisaya. Binisayaon mo or pagbinisayaon mo canang libro.

Speak not to me in Spanish. Dili acó nimo quinatchilaan.

Time to. Tiempo sa.

Courage to. Gahúm sa.

To be right in. Catarungan sa.

To be wrong in. Ualay catarungan sa.

Afraid to. Cahadluc sa.

Wish or mind to. Nahagugma or gugma sa.

To work. Pagbuhat.

To speak. Pagsulti, pagpolong.

To buy. Pagpalit.

To tear. Pagguisi.

To break. Pagbo-ong.

I have a mind to work. Nahagugma acó magbuhat.

Have you time to work. ?Duna ba camó ug tiempo sa pagbuhat?

We have time but not mind to work. Dunay tiempo, apan dili camé mahagugma.

Have you a mind to buy my horse? Nahagugma ba camó mupalit sa acong cabayo?

I am afraid to break the glass Nahadluc acó magbo-ong sa vaso.

Exercise XIII.

One of the valet de Chambres of Louis XIV requested that prince, as he was going to bed, to recommend to the first President a lawsuit which he had against his father-in-law, and said in urging him: "Alas; Sire, you have but to say one word." "Well," said Louis XIV, "it is not that which embarrasses me, but tell me, if thou wert in thy father-in-law's place, and thy father-in-law in thine; wouldst thou be glad, if I said that word?"-If the men should come, it would be necessary to give them something to drink-If he could do this he would do that-I have always flattered myself, my dear brother, that you loved me as much as I love you; but I now see that I have been mistaken-I have heard, my sister, that you are angry with me, because I went a-walking without you; but I assure you that had I known that you were not sick, I should have come for you; but I inquired at your physician's after your health, and he told me that you had been keeping your bed the last eight days.

Fourteenth Lesson

Of the imperative, called impersonal.

1.a The second and third passives have a second imperative called impersonal, because does not mention the person: wherefore, their sentences are called impersonals. The imperative of the second passive ends by a, and that of the third by i. Their sentences are formed by placing the object in nominative case, and the verb in imperative mood, Ex:

Kill the dog. Patia ang iró.

Put an end to that. Hudta cana.

Help us. Taba?gi camé.

Write it. Sulata.

Read that book. Basaha canang libro.

Call to Mr. Louis. Taoga si Sr. Louis.

Wait for me. Hulata acó.

Light the globe. Dagcuti ang globo.

2.a When the sentence is negative, the English not, is translated into Bisaya by Ayao or uala Ex:

It was not met. Uala hiquiti.

Be not turbulent. Ayao pagsamoca.

Cry not to me. Ayao pagsinggiti.

Put not out the candle. Ayao pagpalnga ang candela.

3.a The impersonal imperative of the passive of an, is not compounded with the particle Pag, Ex:

Pay what you owe, and comfort the afflicted. Bayri ang mga utang ni?ó ug lipayon ni?ó ang mga tao nga ana-a sa calisud.

Love God and your neighbour as yourselves. Higugmaon ni?o ang Dios ng ang isigcatao ni?ó maingon cani?ó.

Let us love and practise virtue, and we shall be happy both in this life and in the next. Higugmaon ug buhaton ta ang catarungan ug mapaladan quitá niini ug sa umalabut nga quinabuhi.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES OR GERUNDS.

We have said, that the Bisaya conjugation has but four tenses, but in order to make the scholar acquainted with the tenses, the English conjugation must be referred to, we make use of all the tenses. The sentences of present participle are formed some times by placing sa and Pag before the root. Examples:

This morning when you was preaching, were the children playing. Canina sa pag-oali mo nagduladula ang mga bata.

Our Lord spent his night-time in praying Ang Guinoo ta guicabuntagan sa pag-ampo.

3.a The Gerunds are formed also with the adverb labon nga, and the verb in future or in subjunctive, as:

The sinners despise to our Lord, seeing they should adore him. Guipasaipad-an sa mga macasasalá ang atong Guino-o, labon nga pagasingbahon nila unta.

4.o By means of verbal nouns are formed also gerunds called of time or causals, and their sentences are formed by placing the leading verb in nominative with Pag before the root, and the subordinate is formed with the particle Na or Maoy and the particle of future Iga Ex:

When seeing you, my heart was gladded. Ang pagtan-ao co canimo, nalipay ang casing-casing co.

When you departed he grew sad. Ang pag-guican mo namingao sia.

Exercise XIV.

Would you have money if your father were here?-Should have some if he were here-A French officer having arrived at the court of Vienna, the Empress Theresa asked him if he believed that the Princess of N. whom he had seen the day before, was really the handsomest woman in the world, as was said: Madam, replied the officer, I thought so yesterday-What has become of your uncle?-I will tell you what has become of him: here is the chair upon which he often sat-Is he dead?-He is dead-When did he die?-He died three weeks ago-I am very sorry at it-Why do you not sid down?-If you will sit down to my side, I will sit down also; but if you go, I shall go along with you-WIll you tell me what has become of your sister?-I will tell you what has become of here.-Is she dead?-She is not dead-What has become of her?-She is gone to Manila-What has become of your sisters?-I can not tell what has become of them, for I have not seen them six years ago.

Fifteenth Lesson

Infinitive sentences.

1.a The infinitive sentences are composed of leading verb and subordinate verb, the latter in infinitive mood, as:

I want to sew. Bu-ut acó magtahi.

I want to take a wife Bu-ut acó mangasaoa.

2.a When the sentences have between both leading and subordinate verbs a relative pronoun, express or tacit, this pronoun is translated into Bisaya by nga, and the subordinate verb must be placed in subjunctive mood or in future, either active or passive. In a same way are they formed, when between leading and subordinate verbs, is the conjunction if, which is translated into Bisaya by cun. Ex:

It is not suit you go to the cock-fight Dili Angay nga muadto ca sa bulungan.

My teacher told me, that I must learn to count. Mi-ingon ang Magtoto-on canaco nga magto-on acó sa pagisip.

I wish you to talk Bu-ut acó nga mulacao ca.

I wish you to write me. Nagatinguhá acó nga musulat ca canaco.

I doubt that I can make it. Ambut cun macabuhat acó niana.

3.a When the leading verb is the verb to be, the sentences are also of to be, and the subordinate verb, is used as a substantive with the particle pag or pagca in nominative, preceded by the article ang, to wit:

Is it decent to dance? ?Maayo ba ang pagsayao?

It is necessary to go to school Quinahanglan ang pagadto sa escuelahan.

It is indecorous to bathe before people. Mangil-ad man ang pagcaligo sa atubangan sa mga tao.

4.a In this manner are formed these sentences with the neuter verbs, Example:

The excessive rain does not suit. Dili angay ang hinlabihan nga pag-ulan.

5.a When the governed verb is preceded by the propositions to, for, in order to, these sentences are called finals, and are translated into Bisaya by cay aron, being the governed verb translated by subjunctive mood, active or passive, Examples:

I did come here for visiting my uncle. Mianhi acó cay aron magduao acó sa oyo-an co.

We have been ordered by the Governor to carry (pay) the tax. Nadaoat namo ug orden ni Amba cay aron ihatud namo ang buhis.

I pray to be loved by the people. Nangadye acó cay aron higugmaon acó sa mga taoo.

6.a When the leading verb is one of the auxiliary may, can or to be able, it is translated by the potential Naca. Signifying to incite, to invite, is rendered by Naquig; when to implore, to be fond of or to give one's mind to, is translated by Naqui; when signifies to have made, to bespeak, by Naga and Pa; and when to allow, to let, must be rendered by Napa; which particles before the root include in themselves the signification of the governed verb, Examples:

Did you can go up to the belfry? ?Nacasacá ca ba sa campanario?

Will you be able to carry away that rice bag? ?Macadalá ca ba nianang baluyot sa bugás?

The children incite me to speak into church. Ang mga bata naquigsulti canaco sa Singbahan.

Mother, Anthony is inviting me to dance. Nanay, si Antonio naquigsayao canaco.

Francis begs me to have pity on him. Si Francisco naquimalooy canaco.

I have got the rice plantation made. Guipatanóm co na ang basacan.

Bespeak a cane for me. Pabuhaton mo ug usa ca songcod canaco.

When do you intend to have my habits sewed? ?Anus-a ba icao magapatahi sa acong mga hábito?

Will you consent to be deceived by that liar? Palimbong ca ba nianang bacacon?

Allow not your daughter to go to the ball. Ayao mapasayao sa imong anac.

Remark upon the change of letters.

The most important changes which the scholar is advised attentively to study to avoid ambiguity are these:

l.a Roots beginning by c or qu, changes in composition these letters into g, as: To see, Quita nan-gita.

2.a When the first syllable is b or p, it is changed into m, and those beginning with m, retain this letter, but the particle drops the final n, as: To make-Buhat, namuhat: To speak, Po-long, namolong: To grow dark-Molat, namolat.

3.a When the initials are d, s, or t, change the said syllables into n, and the component particle drops the n, thus: To be angry, Tuyo, nanuyo.-To cry, Singgit, naninggit-To visit, Duao, nanuao.

Exercise XV.

Why do you open the door?-Do you not see how it smokes here?-I see it, but you must open the window instead of opening the door-The window does not open easily; that is the reason why I open the door-When will you shut it?-I will shut it as soon as the smoke is gone-Is it useful to speak much?-When we wish to learn a foreign language it is useful to speak a great deal-Is it as useful to write as to speak?-It is more useful to speak than to write; but in order to learn a language one must do both-Is it useful to write all that one says?-That is useless-Where did you take this book from?-I took it out of the room of your friend-Is it right to take the books of other people?-It is not right, I know; but I wanted it, and I hope that your friend will not be displeased, for I will return it to him as soon as I have read it.

Sixteenth Lesson

Of the Particles Pa and Iga.

PA.

The particle Pa which is also an adverb of time and mood, and signifies yet, still, notwithstanding, has a very important place in the Bisaya dialect, and is sometimes used only redundantly, to give more force to the sentence.

For the benefit of learners, we shall explain it here, before speaking of the verbals particles to which is joined to form the sentences.

l.a Before some verbs has the signification of to wish, to try, to desire and to allow that the signification of the root may take place on the subject, as:

The haughty wishes to be requested by everybody. Ang palabilabihon pa-ampo guihapon.

Father, give me only the Extremaunction. Pahilog lamang acó, Pare.

I want to have some money so as to buy a fine shirt, and they give me not, for they say, it is vanity. Pahatag man acó ug salapi nga igapalit co ug usá ca maanindat nga sinina, ug dili acó taga-an cay parayeg conó.

2.a Before nouns of place signifies to go there, as:

Where are you going? ?Asa icao paingon?

I turn to home. Pauli acó sa amo.

Where will you go, when you die? Sa pagcamatay mo, asa icao pa-ingon?

I shall ascend into heaven. Palangit acó gayud.

3.a It is employed also as a joining conjunction, and in this case, is used to exaggerate the phrase, placing the thing or the object refers to, before; thus:

You also deceive me? Icao pa nagalimbong canaco?

He is a gambler and thief. Sia sugarol man ug caoatan pa.

He is sick and does play. Nagalingaolingao sia ug nasaquit pa man.

4.a Bisan pa ngani, answers to the English conjunctions though, notwithstanding, for all that &.

Ex:

Although they allow me not to play, I will play. Bisan pa ngani dili acó pa sugal nila. musugal acó gayud.

Although they may punish me, I will have not answer. Bisan pa ngani latuson acó nila, dili acó mutingog.

5.a Serves also to point out the beginning and the end of an action, Ex:

I was called, when I had just arrived. Igo pa acó miabut, guitaoag acó nila.

IGA or ICA.

These particles signify the instrument, tool, or mean with which a thing is done. They answer to the future of the passive mood, Ex:

This is the axe with which you have to cut the tree. Mao quini ang oasay nga iga or icaputul mo sa cahuy.

But for. Ug dili pa unta.

But for he is a gambler this man would be so good as your brother. Quining tao maingoningon ug bu-utan sa igsoon mo, ug dili pa unta sia nga sugarol.

If you allow me, I will teach you Spanish. Acoy magato-on canimo ug quinachila, ug tugutan pa acó.

Exercise XVI.

This man has altered a great deal-Where did you be born?-I will not to answer you-If you do not make your appearance before him, I will not speak to him-How is this said?-That can not be said in Bisaya-Children must be accustomed early to the labor-I am accustomed to write-I cannot express myself in Bisaya. because I am not in the habit of speaking it-The man laughs and weeps by turns-If I knew what you have done.... will you allow me to go to the shore?-I do not permit you to go there-Do it in haste-Why does Ferdinand complain of his wife?-Thomas complains of Fructuosa and Fructuosa of Thomas -Who is right?-They are both wrong, for Thomas wishes to take Fructuosa's toys and Fructuosa Thomas's.

Seventeenth Lesson

Of the Particle Nagapa

NAGAPA.

This particle is formed from the particles naga and pa; and signifies to allow, to order, to have done what the root points out. The active tenses are formed according to the rules laid down for naga adding invariably pa.

ACTIVE VOICE-PRESENT.

I bespeak. Acó nagapabuhat

PAST TENSE.

I bespoke. Acó nagpabuhat.

FUTURE.

They will bespeak. Silá magapabuhat.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Order the tailor to sew. Magpatahi ca sa mananahi.

2.a This particle admits the three passives according to the above mentioned rules for each of them.

The present and past tenses of the first passive are formed by placing Guipa, before the root, the future and imperative with Ipa, before, and the infinitive mood with Pagpa.

PRESENT TENSE.

I order to sew the shirt. Guipatahi co ang sinina.

PAST TENSE.

I have had the shirt sewed. Guipatahi co ang sinina.

FUTURE.

You will order the shirt to be sewed. Ipatahi mo ang sinina.

IMPERATIVE.

Order the shirt to be sewed. Ipatahi mo ang sinina.

3.a The sentences of this first passive are formed by placing in nominative case the object of the commandment, the verb in passive voice; in genitive the orderer, and in dative, the errand.

Tell the servant to bring the portmanteau, it is on the coach, up stairs. Ipasacá mo sa bata ang maleta nga tua didto sa coche.

Tell him to carry this letter to the post-office. Ipadalá mo cania quining sulat sa correo.

Send them for grass for the horse. Ipahatud mo canila ug compay sa cabayo.